{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2046995485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.004","title":"Towards a sustainable system of drug development","display_name":"Towards a sustainable system of drug development","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2046995485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.004","mag":"2046995485","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24657626"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.004","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644614000816","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152068293","display_name":"Drug Discovery Today","issn_l":"1359-6446","issn":["1359-6446","1878-5832"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug Discovery Today","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644614000816","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018830195","display_name":"Ellen H.M. Moors","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9724-5308","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9724-5308"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ellen H.M. Moors","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Studies, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht NL-3584 CS, The Netherlands. Electronic address: e.h.m.moors@uu.nl","Innovation Studies, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht NL-3584 CS, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Studies, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht NL-3584 CS, The Netherlands. Electronic address: e.h.m.moors@uu.nl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Studies, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht NL-3584 CS, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047227576","display_name":"Adam F. Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-6222","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-6222","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6971-7392"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133171","display_name":"Centre for Human Drug Research","ror":"https://ror.org/044hshx49","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133171"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam F. Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 10, Leiden NL-2333 CL, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 10, Leiden NL-2333 CL, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133171"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038693465","display_name":"Huub Schellekens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-3965","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-3965"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huub Schellekens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Studies, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht NL-3584 CS, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht NL-3584 CG, The Netherlands","Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht NL-3584 CG, The Netherlands","Innovation Studies, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht NL-3584 CS, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Studies, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht NL-3584 CS, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht NL-3584 CG, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht NL-3584 CG, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Studies, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht NL-3584 CS, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018830195"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"apc_list":{"value":4720,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4720},"apc_paid":{"value":4720,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4720},"fwci":1.5506,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8012685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"11","first_page":"1711","last_page":"1720"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11649","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-development","display_name":"drug development","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-industry","display_name":"pharmaceutical industry","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-discovery","display_name":"drug discovery","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-reform","display_name":"regulatory reform","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-reform","display_name":"patent law reform","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-medicines","display_name":"access to medicines","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-prices","display_name":"drug prices","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-research-institutions","display_name":"public research institutions","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-access","display_name":"open access","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-assessment","display_name":"clinical evaluation","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-safety-assessment","display_name":"drug safety assessment","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-drug-development","display_name":"drug development history","score":0.6949999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64903051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2198549","display_name":"Drug development","level":3,"score":0.722281277179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.6695534586906433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779652045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507443","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry","level":2,"score":0.6524559855461121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74187038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791","display_name":"Drug discovery","level":2,"score":0.5900831818580627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5588882565498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.5405288338661194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5284321904182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.3370426297187805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2960526943206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13326644897460938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.11746510863304138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0909741222858429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07816058397293091}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003299","descriptor_name":"Cooperative Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004345","descriptor_name":"Drug Industry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007880","descriptor_name":"Legislation, Drug","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010330","descriptor_name":"Patents as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014495","descriptor_name":"Universities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055808","descriptor_name":"Drug Discovery","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.004","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644614000816","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152068293","display_name":"Drug Discovery Today","issn_l":"1359-6446","issn":["1359-6446","1878-5832"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug Discovery Today","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24657626","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24657626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug discovery today","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/308011","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/308011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:uu:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/308011","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/308011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Drug Discovery Today, 19(11), 1711. Elsevier Ltd","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.004","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644614000816","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152068293","display_name":"Drug Discovery Today","issn_l":"1359-6446","issn":["1359-6446","1878-5832"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug Discovery Today","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4943999946117401},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2046995485.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2046995485.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W152876125","https://openalex.org/W575459421","https://openalex.org/W1522849924","https://openalex.org/W1542445145","https://openalex.org/W1882228198","https://openalex.org/W1895993106","https://openalex.org/W1967371510","https://openalex.org/W1967392853","https://openalex.org/W1968217711","https://openalex.org/W1968779484","https://openalex.org/W1969393470","https://openalex.org/W1970577443","https://openalex.org/W1970783892","https://openalex.org/W1972645057","https://openalex.org/W1973044927","https://openalex.org/W1978880915","https://openalex.org/W1980519904","https://openalex.org/W1983400383","https://openalex.org/W1983885090","https://openalex.org/W1986672838","https://openalex.org/W1991555153","https://openalex.org/W1993024677","https://openalex.org/W1994481357","https://openalex.org/W1999197401","https://openalex.org/W2001484078","https://openalex.org/W2010267594","https://openalex.org/W2017441286","https://openalex.org/W2018858303","https://openalex.org/W2020696435","https://openalex.org/W2021840953","https://openalex.org/W2030881336","https://openalex.org/W2031244180","https://openalex.org/W2033623710","https://openalex.org/W2034169792","https://openalex.org/W2040419415","https://openalex.org/W2040704511","https://openalex.org/W2044901948","https://openalex.org/W2048951691","https://openalex.org/W2049539920","https://openalex.org/W2053470367","https://openalex.org/W2053727438","https://openalex.org/W2058293855","https://openalex.org/W2062766592","https://openalex.org/W2063448633","https://openalex.org/W2068364635","https://openalex.org/W2072687771","https://openalex.org/W2075599132","https://openalex.org/W2082035991","https://openalex.org/W2082451641","https://openalex.org/W2083004915","https://openalex.org/W2083258699","https://openalex.org/W2084084945","https://openalex.org/W2091959792","https://openalex.org/W2094277627","https://openalex.org/W2095554126","https://openalex.org/W2097213471","https://openalex.org/W2104961194","https://openalex.org/W2106713028","https://openalex.org/W2110091261","https://openalex.org/W2112159659","https://openalex.org/W2113531636","https://openalex.org/W2113928234","https://openalex.org/W2124103684","https://openalex.org/W2132754141","https://openalex.org/W2133137951","https://openalex.org/W2139287570","https://openalex.org/W2139950491","https://openalex.org/W2147340222","https://openalex.org/W2147987741","https://openalex.org/W2150147457","https://openalex.org/W2151730875","https://openalex.org/W2154397563","https://openalex.org/W2161295261","https://openalex.org/W2166550586","https://openalex.org/W2170551470","https://openalex.org/W2317154476","https://openalex.org/W2409738909","https://openalex.org/W2409923985","https://openalex.org/W2590919366","https://openalex.org/W2983255449","https://openalex.org/W4256014735","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062766592","https://openalex.org/W36221617","https://openalex.org/W131390346","https://openalex.org/W2139694010","https://openalex.org/W2804241493","https://openalex.org/W2058293855","https://openalex.org/W4293261150","https://openalex.org/W2777161540","https://openalex.org/W2024186259","https://openalex.org/W2405546835"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Drug":[0],"development":[1,46,70,90],"has":[2,17],"become":[3],"the":[4,12,21,25,42,48,53,68,80,107],"exclusive":[5],"activity":[6],"of":[7,14,27,44,77,79,114],"large":[8],"pharmaceutical":[9,49],"companies.":[10],"However,":[11],"output":[13],"new":[15,28,115],"drugs":[16,29],"been":[18,64],"decreasing":[19],"for":[20,37,102],"past":[22],"decade":[23],"and":[24,47,82,111],"prices":[26],"have":[30,63],"risen":[31],"steadily,":[32],"leading":[33],"to":[34,66,87],"access":[35],"problems":[36],"many":[38,61],"patients.":[39],"By":[40],"analyzing":[41],"history":[43],"drug":[45,69,89],"industry,":[50],"we":[51,72],"identified":[52],"main":[54],"factors":[55],"causing":[56],"this":[57],"system":[58],"failure.":[59],"Although":[60],"solutions":[62],"suggested":[65],"fix":[67],"system,":[71],"believe":[73],"that":[74],"a":[75,98],"combination":[76],"reforms":[78,93],"regulatory":[81],"patent":[83],"systems":[84],"is":[85],"necessary":[86],"make":[88],"sustainable.":[91],"These":[92],"must":[94],"be":[95],"combined":[96],"with":[97],"larger,":[99],"open-access":[100],"role":[101],"public":[103],"research":[104],"institutes":[105],"in":[106],"discovery,":[108],"clinical":[109],"evaluation":[110,113],"safety":[112],"drugs.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
