{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2046202087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.12.006","title":"Use of force by female police officers","display_name":"Use of force by female police officers","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2046202087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.12.006","mag":"2046202087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.12.006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.12.006","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.12.006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140176541","display_name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","issn_l":"0047-2352","issn":["0047-2352","1873-6203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077183942","display_name":"Peter B. Hoffman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter B. Hoffman","raw_affiliation_strings":["1507 Grace Church Road, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1507 Grace Church Road, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007626587","display_name":"Edward R. Hickey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129698858","display_name":"Prince George's Community College","ror":"https://ror.org/00yw5v481","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129698858"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward R. Hickey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Associate Professor, Prince George's Community College, 301 Largo Road, Largo, MD 20774-2199, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor, Prince George's Community College, 301 Largo Road, Largo, MD 20774-2199, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129698858"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077183942"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3930,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3930},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9084,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96114085,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"2","first_page":"145","last_page":"151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13001","display_name":"Restraint-Related Deaths","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/use-of-force","display_name":"use of force","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-in-policing","display_name":"women in policing","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.7960000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778223634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224952","display_name":"Suspect","level":2,"score":0.866793155670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776729102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971119","display_name":"Use of force","level":3,"score":0.551028311252594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5325901508331299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.515149712562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992711187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35535","display_name":"Police department","level":2,"score":0.5112864971160889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3100352883338928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.18608641624450684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.17146265506744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11873364448547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0721910297870636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.12.006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.12.006","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.12.006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140176541","display_name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","issn_l":"0047-2352","issn":["0047-2352","1873-6203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:jcjust:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:145-151","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047-2352(04)00141-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.9444000124931335,"display_name":"Gender equality"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28847487","https://openalex.org/W204823366","https://openalex.org/W2005255227","https://openalex.org/W2137802026","https://openalex.org/W2947759964","https://openalex.org/W2988247881","https://openalex.org/W3094511304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392057815","https://openalex.org/W4401980027","https://openalex.org/W2312830730","https://openalex.org/W2801564626","https://openalex.org/W169885039","https://openalex.org/W4414143510","https://openalex.org/W2035904778","https://openalex.org/W4213419679","https://openalex.org/W4230218694","https://openalex.org/W1530378148"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
