{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2045870482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a080189","title":"The Method of Residues in Urban Modelling","display_name":"The Method of Residues in Urban Modelling","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2045870482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a080189","mag":"2045870482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1068/a080189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a080189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a080189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87933477","display_name":"Environment and Planning A Economy and Space","issn_l":"0308-518X","issn":["0308-518X","1472-3409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003307854","display_name":"Michael Batty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9931-1305","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9931-1305"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71052956","display_name":"University of Reading","ror":"https://ror.org/05v62cm79","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Batty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 2AF, Berkshire, England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 2AF, Berkshire, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081048374","display_name":"Lionel March","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L March","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Design Technology, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Design Technology, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.7501,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99387027,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"189","last_page":"214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Agglomeration and Urban Systems","score":0.47999998927116394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Agglomeration and Urban Systems","score":0.47999998927116394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.36570000648498535,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.059300001710653305,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-modelling","display_name":"urban modelling","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravity-model","display_name":"gravity model","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-interaction-models","display_name":"spatial interaction models","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-inference","display_name":"Bayesian inference","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy-maximization","display_name":"entropy maximization","score":0.984000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778734905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15130689","display_name":"Reinterpretation","level":2,"score":0.8082036972045898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6346326470375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521332185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185816","display_name":"Analogy","level":2,"score":0.5396298170089722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4315219521522522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4161386787891388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3204922676086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2118491530418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11315414309501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1068/a080189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a080189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a080189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87933477","display_name":"Environment and Planning A Economy and Space","issn_l":"0308-518X","issn":["0308-518X","1472-3409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pio:envira:v:8:y:1976:i:2:p:189-214","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=a080189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:envira:v:8:y:1976:i:2:p:189-214","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/a080189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1394311","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1394311/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING A-ECONOMY AND SPACE , 8 (2) pp. 189-214. (1976)","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8787000179290771,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W436562306","https://openalex.org/W592386890","https://openalex.org/W620668271","https://openalex.org/W630957616","https://openalex.org/W642705176","https://openalex.org/W1487970575","https://openalex.org/W1584053331","https://openalex.org/W1968076658","https://openalex.org/W1968683068","https://openalex.org/W1969292440","https://openalex.org/W1986355646","https://openalex.org/W1993743747","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1995893818","https://openalex.org/W1998130044","https://openalex.org/W1999134179","https://openalex.org/W2001483068","https://openalex.org/W2006222780","https://openalex.org/W2013574898","https://openalex.org/W2025469642","https://openalex.org/W2032558547","https://openalex.org/W2034562813","https://openalex.org/W2041404167","https://openalex.org/W2045646841","https://openalex.org/W2047490610","https://openalex.org/W2056687471","https://openalex.org/W2060506197","https://openalex.org/W2066215962","https://openalex.org/W2070807489","https://openalex.org/W2077590663","https://openalex.org/W2079656678","https://openalex.org/W2081237076","https://openalex.org/W2082224471","https://openalex.org/W2092027311","https://openalex.org/W2100963312","https://openalex.org/W2101834443","https://openalex.org/W2107571404","https://openalex.org/W2130952710","https://openalex.org/W2144240945","https://openalex.org/W2150043433","https://openalex.org/W2165515361","https://openalex.org/W2294604761","https://openalex.org/W2315225792","https://openalex.org/W2326122547","https://openalex.org/W2333018025","https://openalex.org/W2334348844","https://openalex.org/W2487890213","https://openalex.org/W2751624169","https://openalex.org/W2753533763","https://openalex.org/W2796920406","https://openalex.org/W3022775055","https://openalex.org/W3156302520","https://openalex.org/W4232451097","https://openalex.org/W4240830367","https://openalex.org/W4240908132","https://openalex.org/W4242249014","https://openalex.org/W4299492689","https://openalex.org/W4319590843"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7020542679","https://openalex.org/W2006222780","https://openalex.org/W2074062497","https://openalex.org/W2007089731","https://openalex.org/W7027689265","https://openalex.org/W2750502573","https://openalex.org/W2083310833","https://openalex.org/W2475821604","https://openalex.org/W2905423546","https://openalex.org/W2948344547"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,156],"seeks":[2],"to":[3,8,44,86,120,128,139],"extend":[4],"the":[5,22,29,34,39,55,70,79,82,88,100,103,121,130,135,155,168],"macrostatic":[6],"approach":[7,54,132],"urban":[9],"modelling":[10,13],"by":[11,66,159],"treating":[12],"problems":[14],"as":[15],"many-stage":[16],"processes.":[17],"Within":[18],"such":[19],"a":[20,67,91,160],"process":[21],"early":[23],"stages":[24,41],"are":[25,42,152],"concerned":[26],"with":[27],"explaining":[28,45],"relatively":[30],"trivial":[31],"characteristics":[32],"of":[33,36,57,69,78,110,123,144,149,162,164],"phenomena":[35],"interest,":[37],"and":[38,59,95,102,117,134,154],"later":[40],"devoted":[43],"more":[46,92,113],"important":[47],"behavioural":[48],"issues.":[49],"Coleman":[50],"(1964)":[51],"calls":[52],"this":[53],"\u2018method":[56],"residues\u2019,":[58],"its":[60],"power":[61],"is":[62,106,126,137,157],"first":[63],"demonstrated":[64],"here":[65],"reinterpretation":[68],"well-known":[71],"gravity":[72],"model.":[73],"An":[74],"ad":[75],"hoc":[76],"test":[77,161],"method":[80,101,109,122,136],"on":[81,167],"Toronto-centred":[83,169],"region":[84],"serves":[85],"emphasise":[87],"need":[89],"for":[90],"formal":[93,131],"approach,":[94],"thus":[96],"an":[97,141],"analogy":[98],"between":[99],"Bayesian":[104],"viewpoint":[105],"introduced.":[107],"A":[108,147],"information":[111],"minimising,":[112],"general":[114],"but":[115],"consistently":[116],"unambiguously":[118],"related":[119],"entropy":[124],"maximising,":[125],"used":[127,138],"make":[129],"operational,":[133],"generate":[140],"\u2018extended\u2019":[142],"family":[143],"spatial-interaction":[145,150],"models.":[146],"number":[148],"models":[151,166],"derived,":[153],"concluded":[158],"two":[163],"these":[165],"region.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}