{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2045717852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(91)90029-d","title":"An exploratory examination of the reasons leading to new firm formation across country and gender","display_name":"An exploratory examination of the reasons leading to new firm formation across country and gender","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2045717852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(91)90029-d","mag":"2045717852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0883-9026(91)90029-d","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(91)90029-d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(91)90029-d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S66201313","display_name":"Journal of Business Venturing","issn_l":"0883-9026","issn":["0883-9026","1873-2003"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Business Venturing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1505893","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059930673","display_name":"Scott A. Shane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4908-2321","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4908-2321"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Scott Shane","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Wharton School, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Wharton School, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077663047","display_name":"Lars Kolvereid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1961-856X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1961-856X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Kolvereid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bodo Graduate School of Business USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bodo Graduate School of Business USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071908736","display_name":"Paul Westhead","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9492-4591","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9492-4591"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Westhead","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059930673"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4130,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4130},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0956,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":458,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95454545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"6","first_page":"431","last_page":"446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12693","display_name":"Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-firm-formation","display_name":"new firm formation","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurship","display_name":"entrepreneurship","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-start-up","display_name":"startups","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/founder-motivation","display_name":"founder motivation","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-venture-growth","display_name":"new venture growth","score":0.3889999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5392763614654541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4855625331401825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.45188745856285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.3740381598472595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.35018134117126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.346220463514328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09622251987457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0883-9026(91)90029-d","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(91)90029-d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(91)90029-d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S66201313","display_name":"Journal of Business Venturing","issn_l":"0883-9026","issn":["0883-9026","1873-2003"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Business Venturing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:3123167831","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1505893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:jbvent:v:6:y:1991:i:6:p:431-446","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0883-9026(91)90029-D","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:3123167831","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1505893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6452000141143799,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W59961275","https://openalex.org/W85063799","https://openalex.org/W288329764","https://openalex.org/W572208246","https://openalex.org/W593861970","https://openalex.org/W625692664","https://openalex.org/W1574250614","https://openalex.org/W1793713313","https://openalex.org/W1969486542","https://openalex.org/W2003424103","https://openalex.org/W2006198625","https://openalex.org/W2011765176","https://openalex.org/W2022261381","https://openalex.org/W2044544006","https://openalex.org/W2071796238","https://openalex.org/W2074529236","https://openalex.org/W2087245426","https://openalex.org/W2089149310","https://openalex.org/W2099576264","https://openalex.org/W2120489714","https://openalex.org/W2153174915","https://openalex.org/W2164736327","https://openalex.org/W2168618909","https://openalex.org/W2239139127","https://openalex.org/W2329507909","https://openalex.org/W2344968943","https://openalex.org/W2499619054","https://openalex.org/W2743064518","https://openalex.org/W3121463447"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3047459572","https://openalex.org/W4410127300","https://openalex.org/W2163124486","https://openalex.org/W3169813989","https://openalex.org/W3162069758","https://openalex.org/W3151991085","https://openalex.org/W7111957443","https://openalex.org/W1974345304","https://openalex.org/W2907677536","https://openalex.org/W2031837581"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
