{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2045641895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768758","title":"Development of a Causal Model of Processes Determining Job Performance","display_name":"Development of a Causal Model of Processes Determining Job Performance","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2045641895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768758","mag":"2045641895"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768758","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768758","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114020440","display_name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","issn_l":"0963-7214","issn":["0963-7214","1467-8721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014143491","display_name":"Frank L. Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0927-8418","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0927-8418"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank L. Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sheets Professor of Human Resources in the Business College at the University of Iowa, is an industrial psychologist who has published numerous articles on personnel selection, validity generalization of employment tests, and meta-analysis"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sheets Professor of Human Resources in the Business College at the University of Iowa, is an industrial psychologist who has published numerous articles on personnel selection, validity generalization of employment tests, and meta-analysis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102725948","display_name":"John E. Hunter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9693-2878","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9693-2878"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John E. Hunter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor of Psychology at Michigan State University, has also published extensively on these topics and is co-author (with Frank Schmidt) of Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings (Sage, 1990)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor of Psychology at Michigan State University, has also published extensively on these topics and is co-author (with Frank Schmidt) of Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings (Sage, 1990)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.6742,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":210,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97398623,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"3","first_page":"89","last_page":"92"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.8759999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.8759999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12802","display_name":"Competency Development and Evaluation","score":0.014100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.013299999758601189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-performance","display_name":"employee performance","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-modeling","display_name":"causal models","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/g-factor","display_name":"general intelligence","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specific-abilities","display_name":"specific abilities","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aptitude-testing","display_name":"aptitude tests","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competency-testing","display_name":"competency testing","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-hierarchy","display_name":"job hierarchy","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-personnel","display_name":"military personnel","score":0.46799999475479126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.739645779132843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.7023795247077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5174084901809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48561166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1347367","display_name":"Aptitude","level":2,"score":0.49887967109680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777189325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61022630","display_name":"Officer","level":2,"score":0.4650617241859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166047926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170277","display_name":"Intelligence quotient","level":3,"score":0.46014532446861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207054656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434146","display_name":"Fluid and crystallized intelligence","level":5,"score":0.44952383637428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.446565181016922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.41447269916534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.325420081615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.1807086169719696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992622412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434146","display_name":"Fluid intelligence","level":4,"score":0.14503103494644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11689865589141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768758","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768758","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114020440","display_name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","issn_l":"0963-7214","issn":["0963-7214","1467-8721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029964470","https://openalex.org/W2053657321","https://openalex.org/W2058818389","https://openalex.org/W2072090325","https://openalex.org/W2082336712","https://openalex.org/W2089242732","https://openalex.org/W2138261560","https://openalex.org/W3018971629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W626728682","https://openalex.org/W2001745049","https://openalex.org/W1963493455","https://openalex.org/W6981904247","https://openalex.org/W328200690","https://openalex.org/W7100446585","https://openalex.org/W86509785","https://openalex.org/W2006982608","https://openalex.org/W1509332817","https://openalex.org/W656813924"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"6.":[0],"M.":[1,38],"Morales,":[2],"The":[3,181],"function":[4],"of":[5,14,27,60,99,198,231,253],"general":[6],"and":[7,37,82,91,96,153,192,218,237,250,255],"spe":[8],"cific":[9],"abilities":[10],"in":[11,240,257,263],"the":[12,15,94,102,247,260,264,267],"validity":[13],"Air":[16],"Force":[17],"Officer":[18],"Qualifying":[19],"Test,":[20],"unpublished":[21],"master's":[22],"thesis,":[23],"St.":[24],"Mary's":[25],"University":[26],"Texas,":[28],"San":[29],"Antonio":[30],"(1991).":[31,161],"7.":[32],"M.J.":[33],"Ree,":[34],"J.A.":[35],"Earles,":[36],"Teachout,":[39],"Gen":[40],"era/":[41],"Cognitive":[42],"Ability":[43],"Predicts":[44],"Job":[45],"Performance,":[46],"AL":[47],"TR-1991-0057":[48],"(Armstrong":[49],"Laboratory,":[50],"Brooks":[51],"AFB,":[52],"TX,":[53],"1991).":[54],"8.":[55],"N.":[56],"Stewart,":[57],"A.G.C.T.":[58],"scores":[59,128],"Army":[61,118],"person":[62],"nel":[63],"grouped":[64],"by":[65,189],"occupation,":[66],"Occupations,":[67],"26,":[68],"1-37":[69],"(1947).":[70],"It":[71],"is":[72,227],"interesting":[73],"to":[74],"note":[75],"that":[76,83,107],"job":[77],"hierarchies":[78],"are":[79,163,172],"not":[80],"new":[81],"Deuteronomy":[84],"29:9":[85],"presents":[86],"a":[87,164,228],"list":[88],"with":[89],"managers":[90],"overseers":[92],"at":[93,101],"top":[95],"hew":[97],"ers":[98],"wood":[100],"bottom.":[103],"A.R.":[104],"Jensen":[105],"noted":[106],"even":[108,173],"relatively":[109],"mundane":[110],"tasks":[111],"such":[112],"as":[113],"cooking":[114],"rely":[115],"on":[116,129],"intelligence:":[117],"cooks":[119],"who":[120,134,167],"could":[121,135],"successfully":[122],"make":[123],"jelly":[124],"rolls":[125],"had":[126],"higher":[127],"g-loaded":[130],"tests":[131,185],"than":[132,177,203],"those":[133],"not;":[136],"Straight":[137],"Talk":[138],"About":[139],"Men":[140],"tal":[141],"Tests":[142],"(Free":[143],"Press,":[144],"New":[145,223],"York,":[146,224],"1981).":[147],"9.":[148],"R.J.":[149],"Sternberg,":[150],"Death,":[151],"taxes,":[152],"bad":[154],"intelli":[155],"gence":[156],"tests,":[157,170],"Intelligence,":[158],"15,":[159],"257-269":[160],"There":[162],"few":[165],"people":[166],"want":[168],"competency":[169,184],"which":[171],"more":[174],"content":[175],"specific":[176],"typical":[178],"aptitude":[179],"tests.":[180],"rationale":[182],"for":[183,200,204],"has":[186],"been":[187],"dispelled":[188],"G.V.":[190],"Barrett":[191],"R.L.":[193],"Depinet,":[194],"A":[195],"re":[196],"consideration":[197],"testing":[199],"competence":[201],"rather":[202],"intelligence,":[205],"American":[206],"Psychologist,":[207],"46,":[208],"1012?":[209],"1024(1991).":[210],"10.":[211],"R.":[212],"Cattell,":[213],"Intelligence:":[214],"Its":[215],"Structure,":[216,235],"Growth":[217,236],"Action":[219],"(Elsevier":[220],"Science":[221],"Publishing,":[222],"1987).":[225],"This":[226],"revised":[229],"version":[230],"Cattell's":[232],"Abilities:":[233],"Their":[234],"Action,":[238],"published":[239],"1971.":[241],"In":[242],"this":[243],"revision,":[244],"he":[245],"elucidates":[246],"investment":[248],"theory":[249],"his":[251],"concepts":[252],"fluid":[254],"crystallized":[256],"telligence.":[258],"Note":[259],"significant":[261],"change":[262],"title":[265],"from":[266],"original.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}