{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2045164041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1764033","title":"Going Soft: How the Rise of Software Based Innovation led to the Decline of Japan\u2019s IT Industry and the Resurgence of Silicon Valley","display_name":"Going Soft: How the Rise of Software Based Innovation led to the Decline of Japan\u2019s IT Industry and the Resurgence of Silicon Valley","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2045164041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1764033","mag":"2045164041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.1764033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1764033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1764033","pdf_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=1764033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=1764033","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101784828","display_name":"Ashish Arora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5097-8646","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5097-8646"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashish Arora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke Innovation & Entrepreneurship Initiative, 215 Morris St., Suite 300, Durham, NC 27701, United States","Duke University - Fuqua School of Business, Box 90120, Durham, NC 27708-0120, United States","National Bureau of Economics Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States","Duke University - Fuqua School of Business"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Innovation & Entrepreneurship Initiative, 215 Morris St., Suite 300, Durham, NC 27701, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University - Fuqua School of Business, Box 90120, Durham, NC 27708-0120, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economics Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University - Fuqua School of Business","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078055512","display_name":"Lee Branstetter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7835-0527","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7835-0527"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lee Branstetter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University - H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, United States","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","Carnegie Mellon University - H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University - H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University - H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051227198","display_name":"Matej Drev","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matej Drev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States","[Georgia Institute of Technology.]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Georgia Institute of Technology.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078055512"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.4936999976634979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.4936999976634979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.2791000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.04569999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/it-industry","display_name":"IT industry","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-valley","display_name":"Silicon Valley","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation-performance","display_name":"innovation performance","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-resource-constraints","display_name":"human resource constraints","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-japan-comparison","display_name":"Japan-US comparison","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-change","display_name":"technological change","score":0.34700000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984737752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163820","display_name":"Silicon valley","level":3,"score":0.8551785349845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.5097112059593201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4095233380794525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.32466915249824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.15289956331253052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1384042501449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.10981142520904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.09501901268959045}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.1764033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1764033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1764033","pdf_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=1764033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01368:0007311714","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hit-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2054898","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"technical report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:hst:ghsdps:gd11-199","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://gcoe.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/research/discussion/2008/pdf/gd11-199.pdf","pdf_url":"http://gcoe.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/research/discussion/2008/pdf/gd11-199.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:16156","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w16156.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w16156.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.702.9718","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.702.9718","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.heinz.cmu.edu/download.aspx?id%3D4359","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp:10086/19249","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10086/19249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401645","display_name":"Institutional Repository, Hitotsubashi University (Hitotsubashi University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I111428342","host_organization_name":"Hitotsubashi University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111428342"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Technical Report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.1764033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1764033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1764033","pdf_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=1764033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310207","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332603","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2045164041.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2045164041.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170821200","https://openalex.org/W593347228","https://openalex.org/W1479827809","https://openalex.org/W1495063011","https://openalex.org/W1551662665","https://openalex.org/W1561438477","https://openalex.org/W1574787950","https://openalex.org/W1578383510","https://openalex.org/W1592048083","https://openalex.org/W1600823763","https://openalex.org/W1901359127","https://openalex.org/W1968855701","https://openalex.org/W1983635982","https://openalex.org/W1987784763","https://openalex.org/W1993023795","https://openalex.org/W1999886733","https://openalex.org/W2001207457","https://openalex.org/W2007798085","https://openalex.org/W2010842384","https://openalex.org/W2014943051","https://openalex.org/W2030937998","https://openalex.org/W2034091845","https://openalex.org/W2039662311","https://openalex.org/W2042723229","https://openalex.org/W2045164041","https://openalex.org/W2057770688","https://openalex.org/W2059743820","https://openalex.org/W2068242680","https://openalex.org/W2071130240","https://openalex.org/W2072016741","https://openalex.org/W2085785781","https://openalex.org/W2088755939","https://openalex.org/W2088815014","https://openalex.org/W2089691382","https://openalex.org/W2106759695","https://openalex.org/W2108795964","https://openalex.org/W2122442616","https://openalex.org/W2124298085","https://openalex.org/W2129261459","https://openalex.org/W2133218367","https://openalex.org/W2144283335","https://openalex.org/W2157579402","https://openalex.org/W2162319504","https://openalex.org/W2165429918","https://openalex.org/W2166195201","https://openalex.org/W2167956104","https://openalex.org/W2168497347","https://openalex.org/W2490242814","https://openalex.org/W2499409385","https://openalex.org/W2504343389","https://openalex.org/W2765231872","https://openalex.org/W2890278425","https://openalex.org/W2890603468","https://openalex.org/W2890987754","https://openalex.org/W2898788718","https://openalex.org/W3121574387","https://openalex.org/W3121587893","https://openalex.org/W3122114377","https://openalex.org/W3123244328","https://openalex.org/W3124450230","https://openalex.org/W3124592322","https://openalex.org/W3124709934","https://openalex.org/W3125010103","https://openalex.org/W3125384152","https://openalex.org/W3125772739","https://openalex.org/W4233386014","https://openalex.org/W4388134195","https://openalex.org/W4388184035","https://openalex.org/W6745265548"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6922180432","https://openalex.org/W2125988173","https://openalex.org/W7097991058","https://openalex.org/W2278302741","https://openalex.org/W2506528240","https://openalex.org/W207801295","https://openalex.org/W7100727326","https://openalex.org/W2987820628","https://openalex.org/W4388149369","https://openalex.org/W4416870822"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}