{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2044573642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107769589905400406","title":"Student Understanding of the Use of Quotes and Paraphrases","display_name":"Student Understanding of the Use of Quotes and Paraphrases","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2044573642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107769589905400406","mag":"2044573642"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/107769589905400406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107769589905400406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107769589905400406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764742061","display_name":"Journalism & Mass Communication Educator","issn_l":"0022-5517","issn":["0022-5517","1077-6958","2161-4326"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journalism & Mass Communication Educator","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018045151","display_name":"Rhonda J. Gibson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5086-3099","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5086-3099"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rhonda Gibson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024989042","display_name":"Joe Bob Hester","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joe Bob Hester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.288,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91799448,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"4","first_page":"59","last_page":"68"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13625","display_name":"Journalism and Media Studies","score":0.8604000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13625","display_name":"Journalism and Media Studies","score":0.8604000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12648","display_name":"Academic Writing and Publishing","score":0.020600000396370888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10133","display_name":"Media Studies and Communication","score":0.01769999973475933,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paraphrasing","display_name":"paraphrase","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quotation-marks","display_name":"quotation marks","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/news-writing","display_name":"news writing","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/journalism-education","display_name":"journalism education","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-understanding","display_name":"student understanding","score":0.6790000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.49895381927490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.48966363072395325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119513131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11030","display_name":"Journalism","level":2,"score":0.4383585453033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780822299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9165","display_name":"Soul","level":2,"score":0.42612290382385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.42418742179870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.4128461480140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.35614264011383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.33632081747055054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3349968194961548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3219529986381531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3057643175125122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.23299762606620789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.19985434412956238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.1914370357990265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/107769589905400406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107769589905400406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107769589905400406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764742061","display_name":"Journalism & Mass Communication Educator","issn_l":"0022-5517","issn":["0022-5517","1077-6958","2161-4326"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journalism & Mass Communication Educator","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506578537","https://openalex.org/W1538558850","https://openalex.org/W1555307799","https://openalex.org/W1579467386","https://openalex.org/W2020435707","https://openalex.org/W2040993216","https://openalex.org/W2041657338","https://openalex.org/W2050659195","https://openalex.org/W2150358092","https://openalex.org/W2502088893"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7055914826","https://openalex.org/W95656772","https://openalex.org/W2041657338","https://openalex.org/W1527060361","https://openalex.org/W145141133","https://openalex.org/W2115194134","https://openalex.org/W4399543831","https://openalex.org/W970505818","https://openalex.org/W1006275461","https://openalex.org/W4240513004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Students":[0],"are":[1,77,217,338,370],"told":[2],"from":[3,91,365],"practically":[4],"their":[5],"first":[6,361],"day":[7],"of":[8,13,18,36,48,80,145,149,161,166,185,190,204,220,224,229,242,246,276,317,326,342,390,428,452,494,505,521,529,536,555,558,600,612,636],"journalism":[9,154,319,421,482,491,575],"school":[10],"that":[11,41,88,126,132,192,215,236,268,336,439,464,476,507,569],"one":[12,170,583,589,602],"the":[14,24,37,46,72,78,130,164,197,230,240,243,274,277,285,366,375,388,391,424,519,527,533,556,598,607,627,631],"most":[15,73],"important":[16],"elements":[17],"any":[19,324],"good":[20],"news":[21,50,82,95,344,357,413,458,514,538,632],"story":[22,51,141],"is":[23,135,194,200,293,385,399],"direct":[25,42,167,171,187,300,330,363,430,440,465,530,561,586],"quotation.":[26,431,592],"News":[27],"writing":[28],"textbooks":[29,422],"instruct":[30],"students":[31,576],"to":[32,68,102,254,259,273,306,328,334,372,386,401,405,411,423,497,510],"include":[33],"quotes":[34,138,177,337,364,441,466,472,531,562],"regardless":[35],"subject":[38],"matter,":[39],"noting":[40],"quotation":[43,198,225,237,495,522,587,599],"can":[442],"be":[45,271,373],"soul":[47],"a":[49,94,140,143,147,159,186,205,247,257,329,339,343,402,412,429,449,457,474,537],"or":[52,263,311],"feature":[53],"(Itule":[54,280],"&":[55,110,114,180,212,281,435,546],"Anderson,":[56,115,282],"1997,":[57],"p.":[58],"91).":[59],"Mitchell":[60],"and":[61,104,289,321,408,489,563,573,588,620,642],"West":[62],"(1996)":[63,124,292],"go":[64],"so":[65],"far":[66],"as":[67,444],"state":[69],"that,":[70],"In":[354,568],"general":[74],"sense,":[75],"quotations":[76,304,506],"basis":[79],"all":[81],"stories":[559,608],"(p.":[84,151,314,394],"51).":[85],"Textbooks":[86],"argue":[87],"personal":[89],"testimony":[90],"sources":[92],"makes":[93],"report":[96,633],"more":[97,468],"believable,":[98],"understandable,":[99],"lively,":[100],"easy":[101],"read,":[103],"natural":[105],"sounding":[106],"(Brooks,":[107],"Kennedy,":[108],"Moen":[109],"Ranly,":[111],"1996;":[112],"Itule":[113],"1997;":[116,118],"Mencher,":[117],"Rich,":[119],"1994).":[120],"Brooks":[121],"et":[122],"al.":[123],"suggest":[125],"Quotation":[127],"marks":[128,199,238],"signal":[129],"reader":[131],"something":[133],"special":[134],"coming.":[136],"Direct":[137],"provide":[139],"with":[142,560,565,585,590],"change":[144],"pace,":[146],"breath":[148],"air":[150],"121).":[152],"One":[153,346],"text":[155,347],"has":[156,417,461,477],"even":[157,305,350],"provided":[158],"rule":[160],"thumb":[162],"for":[163,173,298,362],"use":[165,184,504],"quotes:":[168,301],"Include":[169],"quote":[172,188,258],"every":[174,355],"two":[175],"paraphrased":[176,471,566,591],"(Izard,":[178],"Culbertson":[179],"Lambert,":[181],"1971).":[182],"The":[183,604,622],"indicates,":[189],"course,":[191],"what":[193],"included":[195],"between":[196],"an":[201,379,453],"exact":[202,244],"replication":[203],"speaker's":[206],"words.":[207],"A":[208,540],"1976":[209],"study":[210,485,542],"(Culbertson":[211],"Somerick)":[213],"showed":[214],"readers":[216],"generally":[218],"aware":[219],"this":[221],"intended":[222],"meaning":[223,275],"marks:":[226],"Eighty":[227],"percent":[228],"283":[231],"Ohio":[232],"residents":[233],"surveyed":[234],"knew":[235],"signaled":[239],"inclusion":[241,528],"words":[245,279],"speaker.":[248],"Some":[249],"editors":[250,322,359],"may":[251],"allow":[252,323],"reports":[253],"clean":[255],"up":[407],"avoid":[260],"poor":[261],"grammar":[262],"profanity,":[264],"but":[265],"they":[266,332,369,500],"insist":[267],"no":[269,549],"changes":[270],"made":[272],"original":[278],"1997).":[283],"But":[284],"Associated":[286],"Press":[287],"Stylebook":[288],"Libel":[290],"Manual":[291],"firm":[294],"in":[295,420,447,456,481,503,513,552,610,630,634],"its":[296],"guidelines":[297],"using":[299],"Never":[302],"alter":[303],"correct":[307],"minor":[308],"grammatical":[309],"errors":[310],"word":[312],"usage":[523],"172).":[315],"Regardless":[316],"whether":[318],"instructors":[320],"type":[325],"alteration":[327],"quote,":[331],"seem":[333],"agree":[335],"key":[340],"component":[341],"story.":[345],"(Fox,":[348],"1977)":[349],"warned":[351],"potential":[352,511],"reporters.":[353],"significant":[356,550],"story,":[358,414],"look":[360],"principals.":[367],"If":[368],"not":[371,478],"found,":[374],"writer":[376],"will":[377,486],"need":[378],"exceptionally":[380],"convincing":[381],"excuse":[382],"if":[383,499],"he":[384],"escape":[387],"wrath":[389],"city":[392],"desk":[393],"74).":[395],"While":[396],"much":[397],"power":[398],"attributed":[400],"quotation's":[403],"ability":[404],"liven":[406],"add":[409],"credibility":[410],"little":[415],"attention":[416],"been":[418,462,479],"paid":[419],"actual":[425],"persuasive":[426],"impact":[427],"Recent":[432],"research":[433,517],"(Gibson":[434],"Zillmann,":[436],"1993,1998)":[437],"shows":[438],"serve":[443],"powerful":[445],"tools":[446],"influencing":[448],"reader's":[450],"perception":[451],"issue":[454],"addressed":[455,480],"report.":[459],"It":[460],"shown":[463],"have":[467],"influence":[469],"than":[470],"-":[473],"fact":[475],"textbooks.":[483],"This":[484],"investigate":[487],"beginning":[488,572],"advanced":[490,574],"students'":[492],"awareness":[493],"practices":[496],"determine":[498],"detect":[501],"differences":[502,551],"could":[508],"lead":[509],"biases":[512],"reports.":[515],"Early":[516],"examining":[518],"effects":[520],"focused":[524],"on":[525,597],"how":[526],"influences":[532],"perceived":[534],"quality":[535,557],"report,":[539],"1974":[541],"(Weaver,":[543],"Hopkins,":[544],"Billings":[545],"Cole)":[547],"found":[548],"readers'":[553],"ratings":[554],"those":[564],"quotes.":[567],"study,":[570],"both":[571],"evaluated":[577,626],"newspaper":[578],"articles":[579],"containing":[580],"identical":[581],"information,":[582],"version":[584],"All":[593],"versions":[594],"relied":[595],"heavily":[596],"only":[601],"individual.":[603],"respondents":[605,623],"rated":[606],"similarly":[609,625],"terms":[611,635],"informativeness,":[613,638],"accuracy,":[614],"objectivity,":[615],"believability,":[616,637],"interest,":[617,639],"conciseness,":[618],"readability,":[619],"colorfulness.":[621],"also":[624],"individual":[628],"cited":[629],"effectiveness,":[640],"colorfulness,":[641],"precision.":[643],"\u2026":[644]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}