{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2044064218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829400092251","title":"A comparison of juvenile court outcomes for Native Americans, African Americans, and whites","display_name":"A comparison of juvenile court outcomes for Native Americans, African Americans, and whites","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2044064218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829400092251","mag":"2044064218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/07418829400092251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829400092251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829400092251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149422333","display_name":"Justice Quarterly","issn_l":"0741-8825","issn":["0741-8825","1745-9109"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Justice Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078151049","display_name":"Michael J. Leiber","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119234918","display_name":"University of Northern Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/02h4qpx12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119234918"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Leiber","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Northern Iowa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Northern Iowa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119234918"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078151049"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119234918"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.041,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":97,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98635139,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"257","last_page":"279"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.8823000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.8823000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":0.029100000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.024399999529123306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/native-american-youth","display_name":"Native American youth","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-youth","display_name":"African American youth","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-rationality","display_name":"formal rationality","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-justice","display_name":"juvenile justice","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judicial-decision-making","display_name":"judicial decision-making","score":0.5950000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1516282","display_name":"Juvenile","level":2,"score":0.703222930431366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777673361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281228","display_name":"Disadvantage","level":2,"score":0.6109575033187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987028688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49085","display_name":"African american","level":2,"score":0.5990435481071472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.5691940188407898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5682005882263184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5576201677322388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992135444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4232928","display_name":"Native american","level":2,"score":0.5278826951980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.512911319732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777711708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468501","display_name":"Juvenile court","level":3,"score":0.4587971568107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4526611566543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201717286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938185","display_name":"Rationality","level":2,"score":0.42214077711105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.414722204208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4043794870376587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71376074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001125","display_name":"Juvenile delinquency","level":2,"score":0.3659794330596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.32966941595077515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.22487476468086243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.20160451531410217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18957412242889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.18285703659057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.13978570699691772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2549261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455","display_name":"Ethnology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/07418829400092251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829400092251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829400092251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149422333","display_name":"Justice Quarterly","issn_l":"0741-8825","issn":["0741-8825","1745-9109"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Justice Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.uni.edu:facpub-5395","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.uni.edu/facpub/4394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196489","display_name":"UNI ScholarWorks (University of Northern Iowa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119234918","host_organization_name":"University of Northern Iowa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119234918"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8974000215530396,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28118928","https://openalex.org/W437711094","https://openalex.org/W573442316","https://openalex.org/W652358875","https://openalex.org/W1503919650","https://openalex.org/W1509394355","https://openalex.org/W1510482391","https://openalex.org/W1574689478","https://openalex.org/W1578163789","https://openalex.org/W1945765739","https://openalex.org/W1966178283","https://openalex.org/W1968059489","https://openalex.org/W1983408878","https://openalex.org/W1992894437","https://openalex.org/W2002381260","https://openalex.org/W2004532382","https://openalex.org/W2009046482","https://openalex.org/W2015379200","https://openalex.org/W2018704161","https://openalex.org/W2022216185","https://openalex.org/W2023063828","https://openalex.org/W2023670302","https://openalex.org/W2027209133","https://openalex.org/W2027646913","https://openalex.org/W2031458431","https://openalex.org/W2041135815","https://openalex.org/W2044735944","https://openalex.org/W2044768040","https://openalex.org/W2048960885","https://openalex.org/W2056259188","https://openalex.org/W2057067850","https://openalex.org/W2061165131","https://openalex.org/W2071165523","https://openalex.org/W2075052544","https://openalex.org/W2078960180","https://openalex.org/W2089184038","https://openalex.org/W2093290776","https://openalex.org/W2096424936","https://openalex.org/W2098462178","https://openalex.org/W2105252545","https://openalex.org/W2118203247","https://openalex.org/W2118552449","https://openalex.org/W2128752987","https://openalex.org/W2130655607","https://openalex.org/W2138092701","https://openalex.org/W2143289216","https://openalex.org/W2143670127","https://openalex.org/W2149889331","https://openalex.org/W2155960994","https://openalex.org/W2165363821","https://openalex.org/W2257855373","https://openalex.org/W2306299751","https://openalex.org/W2321790997","https://openalex.org/W2326085668","https://openalex.org/W2329555616","https://openalex.org/W2411371390","https://openalex.org/W2605682269","https://openalex.org/W2800688596","https://openalex.org/W4233439498","https://openalex.org/W4243689787","https://openalex.org/W4247140771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997601615","https://openalex.org/W1965254713","https://openalex.org/W2782446063","https://openalex.org/W7100762520","https://openalex.org/W2104010676","https://openalex.org/W7099083558","https://openalex.org/W2772020325","https://openalex.org/W1982318104","https://openalex.org/W2782051267","https://openalex.org/W2054946501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Referrals":[0],"to":[1,14,31,107,124],"a":[2,62],"district":[3],"juvenile":[4,118],"court":[5,119],"in":[6,65,94],"Iowa":[7],"were":[8,104,122],"examined":[9],"for":[10],"1980":[11],"through":[12],"1989":[13],"test":[15],"an":[16],"interpretation":[17],"of":[18,21,75],"Weber's":[19],"theory":[20],"decision":[22,120],"making":[23],"and":[24,39,53,56],"formal":[25],"rationality.":[26],"Logistic":[27],"regression":[28],"was":[29,98],"employed":[30],"examine":[32],"two":[33],"hypotheses:":[34],"1)":[35],"Native":[36,58,101],"American":[37,41,102,114],"youths":[38,42,49,74,103],"African":[40,68,113],"receive":[43,79,108],"more":[44,105],"severe":[45,110],"outcomes":[46,111],"than":[47,67,112],"white":[48,83],"with":[50,90,117],"similar":[51],"backgrounds":[52],"legal":[54],"histories,":[55],"2)":[57],"Americans":[59],"are":[60],"at":[61],"greater":[63],"disadvantage":[64],"general":[66],"Americans.":[69],"The":[70],"findings":[71],"show":[72],"that":[73,100],"both":[76],"minority":[77],"groups":[78],"different":[80],"treatment":[81],"from":[82],"youths.":[84,115],"Although":[85],"the":[86,91,95,127],"race":[87],"effects":[88],"varied":[89],"stage":[92],"assessed":[93],"proceedings,":[96],"it":[97],"found":[99],"likely":[106],"less":[109],"Interviews":[116],"makers":[121],"used":[123],"help":[125],"explain":[126],"observed":[128],"patterns.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}