{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2044046035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1145598","title":"Changes in Innovation Ecology","display_name":"Changes in Innovation Ecology","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2044046035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1145598","mag":"2044046035","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17540864"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.1145598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1145598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1145598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110134449","display_name":"William A. Wulf","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329254379","display_name":"National Academy of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03bdhq605","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329254379","https://openalex.org/I197604219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William A. Wulf","raw_affiliation_strings":["William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering in Washington, DC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering in Washington, DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329254379"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110134449"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329254379"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6769,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95786258,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"316","issue":"5829","first_page":"1253","last_page":"1253"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.4106000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.4106000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12722","display_name":"Innovation Policy and R&D","score":0.3499000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":0.09120000153779984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation-ecology","display_name":"innovation ecology","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation-infrastructure","display_name":"innovation infrastructure","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/globalization","display_name":"globalization","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-competitiveness","display_name":"national competitiveness","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property-protection","display_name":"intellectual property protection","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-policy","display_name":"science policy","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-policy","display_name":"education policy","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tax-policy","display_name":"tax policy","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-change","display_name":"institutional change","score":0.3799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.6576979756355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4149523377418518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3252199590206146}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004059","descriptor_name":"Diffusion of Innovation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013672","descriptor_name":"Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.1145598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1145598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1145598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:17540864","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17540864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Editorial"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.651199996471405,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1910291864","https://openalex.org/W7098542248","https://openalex.org/W4206219187","https://openalex.org/W2673404488","https://openalex.org/W2234683970","https://openalex.org/W2949584991","https://openalex.org/W1496381844","https://openalex.org/W6990098483","https://openalex.org/W620394602","https://openalex.org/W4415963631"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Globalization":[0],"has":[1,19],"introduced":[2],"both":[3],"uncertainties":[4],"and":[5,17,54,71,94,106],"opportunities":[6],"worldwide.":[7],"In":[8],"the":[9,21,28,43,51,62,66],"United":[10,67],"States,":[11],"a":[12,57],"flurry":[13],"of":[14,65,89],"recent":[15],"books":[16],"reports":[18],"told":[20],"country":[22],"how":[23],"to":[24,42,79,86],"be":[25],"competitive":[26],"in":[27,69],"21st":[29],"century,":[30],"from":[31],"Thomas":[32],"L.":[33],"Freidman9s\n":[34],"The":[38,82],"World":[39],"is":[40,77,115,120],"Flat,":[41],"National":[44],"Academies9\n":[45],"Rising":[49],"Above":[50],"Gathering":[52],"Storm,":[53],"at":[55],"least":[56],"dozen":[58],"more.":[59],"All":[60],"note":[61],"historic":[63],"strength":[64],"States":[68],"innovation":[70,98],"suggest":[72],"that":[73,100],"reinvigorating":[74],"this":[75,113],"capability":[76],"key":[78],"future":[80],"prosperity.":[81],"resulting":[83],"recommendations":[84],"relate":[85],"an":[87,97],"ecology":[114],"interrelated":[90],"institutions,":[91],"laws,":[92],"regulations,":[93],"policies":[95],"providing":[96],"infrastructure":[99],"entails":[101],"education,":[102],"research,":[103],"tax":[104],"policy,":[105],"intellectual":[107],"property":[108],"protection,":[109],"among":[110],"others.":[111],"Unfortunately,":[112],"more":[116],"fundamentally":[117],"broken":[118],"than":[119],"generally":[121],"recognized.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}