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This paper is based on his dissertation and forms part of the HARMONIA program on research into accounting harmonisation and standardisation in the European Union. He gratefully acknowledges the financial contribution of the European Commission through the Human Potential Program, Contract HPRN-CT-2000-00062 and of Arthur Andersen and Ernst & Young. He is grateful to Thomson Financial IBES for providing analyst earnings forecast data. He is particularly indebted to Gu\u0308nther Gebhardt and Christian Leuz for their support. 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