{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2043909661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954394507070068","title":"Vermont lowering? Raising some questions about /ai/ and /au/ south of the Canadian border","display_name":"Vermont lowering? Raising some questions about /ai/ and /au/ south of the Canadian border","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2043909661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954394507070068","mag":"2043909661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0954394507070068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954394507070068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954394507070068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121997567","display_name":"Language Variation and Change","issn_l":"0954-3945","issn":["0954-3945","1469-8021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Variation and Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068058274","display_name":"Julie Roberts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-6994","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-6994"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111236770","display_name":"University of Vermont","ror":"https://ror.org/0155zta11","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Julie Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Vermont"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vermont","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068058274"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5663,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95153061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"02","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.007000000216066837,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12768","display_name":"Linguistics and language evolution","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canadian-raising","display_name":"Canadian Raising","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vowel-raising","display_name":"vowel raising","score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vowel-centralization","display_name":"vowel centralization","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociolinguistic-variation","display_name":"sociolinguistic variation","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-and-gender-differences","display_name":"age and gender differences","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/settlement-history","display_name":"settlement history","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leveling","display_name":"leveling","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socio-economic-change","display_name":"socio-economic change","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustic-phonetics","display_name":"acoustic phonetics","score":0.3190000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780589192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7285140","display_name":"Raising (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.789801836013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.6393097639083862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4648849666118622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.45258650183677673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.42315956950187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3244763910770416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.3234111964702606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3078491687774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.2979215681552887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.10685223340988159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.085610032081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0954394507070068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954394507070068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954394507070068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121997567","display_name":"Language Variation and Change","issn_l":"0954-3945","issn":["0954-3945","1469-8021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Variation and Change","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36085439","https://openalex.org/W40565051","https://openalex.org/W1997404650","https://openalex.org/W2013252388","https://openalex.org/W2062831144","https://openalex.org/W2077107300","https://openalex.org/W2086590086","https://openalex.org/W2123832507","https://openalex.org/W2132988159","https://openalex.org/W2170981957","https://openalex.org/W2171931217","https://openalex.org/W2321967416","https://openalex.org/W2325844454","https://openalex.org/W2326347353","https://openalex.org/W2332002032","https://openalex.org/W2493909066","https://openalex.org/W2497743605","https://openalex.org/W2792028858","https://openalex.org/W2792086363","https://openalex.org/W2792804008","https://openalex.org/W2951848123","https://openalex.org/W4255812007"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2409933545","https://openalex.org/W2171931217","https://openalex.org/W7160912502","https://openalex.org/W2345684890","https://openalex.org/W1679376743","https://openalex.org/W322267488","https://openalex.org/W4255882545","https://openalex.org/W2034449408","https://openalex.org/W1556541003","https://openalex.org/W2086590086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,77],"comprises":[2],"an":[3,176],"exploration":[4],"of":[5,8,16,47,72,131,142,166,175,191],"the":[6,45,48,73,76,79,147,152,156,162,173,184,189,192,238],"speech":[7],"19":[9],"Vermonters,":[10],"aged":[11],"9":[12],"to":[13,33,111,206,237],"90.":[14],"Tokens":[15],"/ai/":[17,30,91],"and":[18,29,70,117,139,160,169,214,222,224,245],"/au/":[19,28,56],"were":[20,31,41,51,144],"analyzed":[21],"acoustically.":[22],"Results":[23],"reveal":[24],"that":[25,161],"although":[26],"centralized":[27,121],"reported":[32],"be":[34,172],"disappearing":[35],"by":[36,59],"Kurath":[37],"(1939a;":[38],"1939b),":[39],"they":[40],"still":[42],"present":[43],"in":[44,67,75,99,123,150,183],"oldest":[46,80],"speakers":[49,69,85,119,128,168],"but":[50,62,65,102],"differentially":[52],"undergoing":[53],"change.":[54],"Raised":[55],"was":[57,108],"used":[58,86],"older":[60,112,118],"men,":[61],"had":[63],"all":[64,71,100,124],"disappeared":[66],"younger":[68,127,167],"women":[74,170],"except":[78],"speaker":[81],"(age":[82],"90).":[83],"Instead,":[84],"a":[87,93,103,132],"front":[88],"low":[89],"onset.":[90],"presented":[92],"more":[94,130],"complex":[95],"pattern:":[96],"centralization":[97],"occurred":[98],"speakers,":[101,239],"back,":[104],"somewhat":[105],"rounded":[106],"onset":[107],"restricted":[109],"primarily":[110],"men.":[113],"In":[114],"addition,":[115],"men":[116],"demonstrated":[120],"onsets":[122],"environments,":[125],"whereas":[126],"showed":[129],"\u201cCanadian":[133,163],"Raising\u201d":[134,164],"pattern.":[135],"Implications,":[136],"when":[137],"results":[138],"settlement":[140],"history":[141],"Vermont":[143],"examined,":[145],"included":[146],"suggestion":[148],"that,":[149],"Vermont,":[151],"raised":[153],"variants":[154],"are":[155,235],"older,":[157],"base":[158],"forms":[159],"pattern":[165],"may":[171],"result":[174],"overall":[177],"leveling":[178],"from":[179],"changing":[180],"socioeconomic":[181],"conditions":[182],"area.The":[185],"author":[186],"gratefully":[187],"acknowledges":[188],"support":[190],"National":[193],"Science":[194],"Foundation":[195],"(NSF":[196],"#":[197],"9975078)":[198],"for":[199,217,228],"this":[200],"study.":[201],"Appreciation":[202],"is":[203],"also":[204],"extended":[205],"Rebecca":[207],"Peabody":[208],"Amblo,":[209],"Mieka":[210],"LeClair,":[211],"Elisha":[212],"Huskes,":[213],"Danra":[215],"Kaczinski":[216],"assistance":[218],"with":[219],"data":[220],"collection":[221],"analysis,":[223],"three":[225],"anonymous":[226],"reviewers":[227],"their":[229,243],"very":[230],"valuable":[231],"suggestions.":[232],"Finally,":[233],"thanks":[234],"due":[236],"who":[240],"generously":[241],"shared":[242],"voices":[244],"stories.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
