{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2043771015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/385687","title":"Trade Unions and Emigration in Late Victorian England: A National Lobby for State Aid","display_name":"Trade Unions and Emigration in Late Victorian England: A National Lobby for State Aid","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2043771015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/385687","mag":"2043771015"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/385687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/385687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/385687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197577296","display_name":"Journal of British Studies","issn_l":"0021-9371","issn":["0021-9371","1545-6986"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of British Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085137349","display_name":"Howard Leroy Malchow","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Howard L. Malchow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tufts University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tufts University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085137349"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4045512,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"92","last_page":"116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.8227999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.8227999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.08070000261068344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13158","display_name":"Political and Economic history of UK and US","score":0.035599999129772186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-unions","display_name":"trade unions","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emigration","display_name":"emigration","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/late-victorian-england","display_name":"late Victorian England","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-movement","display_name":"labor movement","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unemployment","display_name":"unemployment","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-relief","display_name":"poverty relief","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-distress","display_name":"agricultural distress","score":0.8840000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104151175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187668","display_name":"Emigration","level":2,"score":0.9278522729873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.48753592371940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9142","display_name":"Irish","level":2,"score":0.48199644684791565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.43620428442955017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3817283511161804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.3809352517127991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.37137261033058167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.238386869430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/385687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/385687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/385687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197577296","display_name":"Journal of British Studies","issn_l":"0021-9371","issn":["0021-9371","1545-6986"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of British Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7257999777793884}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W562296965","https://openalex.org/W637917053","https://openalex.org/W1511036243","https://openalex.org/W1986273489","https://openalex.org/W1997819849","https://openalex.org/W2021062290","https://openalex.org/W2031149654","https://openalex.org/W2037858214","https://openalex.org/W2048482501","https://openalex.org/W2050765150","https://openalex.org/W2154202476","https://openalex.org/W2795759742","https://openalex.org/W4299704664","https://openalex.org/W6658284725","https://openalex.org/W6663114494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031149654","https://openalex.org/W2050765150","https://openalex.org/W2320559430","https://openalex.org/W4293239801","https://openalex.org/W4293239517","https://openalex.org/W7062441477","https://openalex.org/W4242824453","https://openalex.org/W4220752541","https://openalex.org/W6998566412","https://openalex.org/W2953892158"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"That":[0],"the":[1,24,28,32,38,60,72,99,114,121,126,130,143,182,198,205,209,230,248,264],"state":[2,52,75,191,257],"might":[3],"owe":[4],"its":[5],"poor":[6],"and":[7,34,43,62,98,117,124,153,232,253],"unemployed":[8],"a":[9,51,57,67,78,88,94,110,149,154,174,216,256],"helping":[10],"hand":[11],"to":[12,14,55,59,80,91,142,161,166,214,250],"emigrate":[13],"wherever":[15],"there":[16,36],"were":[17,37],"jobs":[18],"found":[19],"common":[20],"enough":[21],"expression":[22],"in":[23,49,120,197,220],"first":[25],"half":[26],"of":[27,41,69,74,113,145,176,184,190,204,211,237,252,259],"nineteenth":[29],"century.":[30],"In":[31],"1820s":[33],"1830s":[35],"conflicting":[39],"schemes":[40,189],"Wilmot-Horton":[42],"E.":[44],"G.":[45],"Wakefield.":[46],"Carlyle":[47],"advocated":[48],"1843":[50],"emigration":[53,76,144,168,192,222,244,260],"service":[54],"provide":[56],"bridge":[58],"colonies,":[61],"Irish":[63],"troubles":[64],"periodically":[65],"provided":[66,246],"source":[68],"speculation":[70],"about":[71],"usefulness":[73],"as":[77,109,129,148,202],"solution":[79,223],"agricultural":[81],"distress.":[82],"For":[83],"Tories":[84],"it":[85,102,108,119],"could":[86],"be":[87],"conservative":[89],"measure":[90],"diminish":[92],"at":[93],"stroke":[95],"economic":[96],"distress":[97],"social":[100],"disruption":[101],"bred,":[103],"while":[104],"some":[105,177],"Liberals":[106],"viewed":[107],"necessary":[111],"rationalization":[112],"labor":[115,135,239],"market":[116],"supported":[118],"same":[122,127],"spirit,":[123],"with":[125],"arguments,":[128],"Cheap":[131],"Trains":[132],"Act.":[133],"Organized":[134],"itself":[136],"had":[137,138],"recourse":[139],"on":[140,243],"occasion":[141],"members":[146],"both":[147],"restrictive":[150],"guild":[151],"practice":[152],"militant":[155],"trade":[156,163,185,226],"dispute":[157],"tactic.":[158],"The":[159],"extent":[160],"which":[162],"unions":[164,227],"continued":[165,218],"favor":[167],"benefits":[169,245],"after":[170,234],"mid-century":[171,235],"has":[172],"been":[173],"subject":[175],"dispute.":[178],"There":[179],"is":[180,208],"also":[181],"question":[183],"union":[186,249],"attitudes":[187],"toward":[188],"\u2014":[193],"distrusted":[194],"by":[195,224,247,263],"many":[196,225],"early":[199],"Victorian":[200],"period":[201],"transportation":[203],"poor.":[206],"It":[207],"purpose":[210],"this":[212],"paper":[213],"demonstrate":[215],"strong":[217],"interest":[219],"an":[221],"well":[228],"into":[229],"1880s,":[231],"that":[233],"much":[236],"organized":[238],"turned":[240],"from":[241],"emphasis":[242],"acceptance":[251],"agitation":[254],"for":[255],"program":[258],"assistance":[261],"funded":[262],"national":[265],"exchequer.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}