{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2043676595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02441.x","title":"Attitudes Toward Rape Among African American Male and Female College Students","display_name":"Attitudes Toward Rape Among African American Male and Female College Students","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2043676595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02441.x","mag":"2043676595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02441.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02441.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02441.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1374498","display_name":"Journal of Counseling & Development","issn_l":"0748-9633","issn":["0748-9633","1556-6676"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Counseling & Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108131291","display_name":"Marty Sapp","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marty Sapp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marty Sapp: is an associate professor of counseling in the Department of Educational Psychology, and Walter C. Farrell Jr. is a professor in the Department of Educational Policy and Community Studies, both at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marty Sapp: is an associate professor of counseling in the Department of Educational Psychology, and Walter C. Farrell Jr. is a professor in the Department of Educational Policy and Community Studies, both at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112059212","display_name":"Walter C. Farrell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walter C. Farrell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marty Sapp: is an associate professor of counseling in the Department of Educational Psychology, and Walter C. Farrell Jr. is a professor in the Department of Educational Policy and Community Studies, both at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marty Sapp: is an associate professor of counseling in the Department of Educational Psychology, and Walter C. Farrell Jr. is a professor in the Department of Educational Policy and Community Studies, both at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"James H. Johnson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James H. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["James H. Johnson Jr.: is the E. Maynard Adams Distinguished Professor of Business, Geography, and Sociology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James H. Johnson Jr.: is the E. Maynard Adams Distinguished Professor of Business, Geography, and Sociology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056329293","display_name":"Kim Hitchcock","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168416876","display_name":"Northern Kentucky University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k44g025","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168416876"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim Hitchcock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kim Hitchcock: is an instructor in the Department of Health Sciences at Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kim Hitchcock: is an instructor in the Department of Health Sciences at Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168416876"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108131291"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.861,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86853933,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"77","issue":"2","first_page":"204","last_page":"208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11548","display_name":"Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11548","display_name":"Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10327","display_name":"Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rape-attitudes","display_name":"rape attitudes","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rape-myths","display_name":"rape myths","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexism","display_name":"sexism","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-college-students","display_name":"African American college students","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rape-stereotypes","display_name":"rape stereotypes","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attitudes-toward-sexual-violence","display_name":"sexual violence attitudes","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attitude-change","display_name":"attitude change","score":0.4909999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192424360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929408","display_name":"Multivariate analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.915912926197052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519517224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12827256","display_name":"Mythology","level":2,"score":0.6955283284187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6102774739265442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5838335156440735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.5040034651756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4566369354724884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3608369529247284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.3545125126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.33688050508499146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18932753801345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1304636001586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.05812594294548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02441.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02441.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02441.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1374498","display_name":"Journal of Counseling & Development","issn_l":"0748-9633","issn":["0748-9633","1556-6676"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Counseling & Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5542433","https://openalex.org/W52127532","https://openalex.org/W367806944","https://openalex.org/W1567955460","https://openalex.org/W1964131117","https://openalex.org/W1973676552","https://openalex.org/W1975155353","https://openalex.org/W1999678871","https://openalex.org/W2009271230","https://openalex.org/W2017603282","https://openalex.org/W2045542199","https://openalex.org/W2053668743","https://openalex.org/W2074465137","https://openalex.org/W2078210520","https://openalex.org/W2125622709","https://openalex.org/W2134449196","https://openalex.org/W2136201033","https://openalex.org/W2278740710","https://openalex.org/W2319408969","https://openalex.org/W2341949816","https://openalex.org/W2406535057","https://openalex.org/W2606636607","https://openalex.org/W4244582563"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056917305","https://openalex.org/W226534834","https://openalex.org/W6989311625","https://openalex.org/W2944861871","https://openalex.org/W2400342236","https://openalex.org/W922269188","https://openalex.org/W1998920903","https://openalex.org/W2589256931","https://openalex.org/W77824694","https://openalex.org/W1852263174"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,43,61,74],"this":[3,37],"study":[4],"was":[5],"to":[6,32],"investigate":[7],"how":[8],"African":[9,51],"American":[10,52],"male":[11],"and":[12,23,54,63,76],"female":[13],"college":[14,25],"students":[15,26],"differ":[16],"in":[17,71],"their":[18,34],"attitudes":[19,83],"concerning":[20],"rape.":[21,66],"Two\u2010hundred":[22],"ten":[24],"completed":[27],"a":[28],"12\u2010item":[29],"questionnaire":[30],"designed":[31],"measure":[33],"views":[35],"toward":[36,84],"issue.":[38],"A":[39],"2\u2010group":[40],"multivariate":[41],"analysis":[42],"variance":[44],"(MANOVA)":[45],"revealed":[46],"statistically":[47],"significant":[48],"differences":[49,68],"between":[50],"men":[53,57],"women,":[55],"with":[56],"being":[58],"more":[59],"accepting":[60],"stereotypes":[62],"myths":[64],"about":[65],"These":[67],"are":[69,86],"discussed":[70],"the":[72],"context":[73],"sexism":[75],"rape":[77,85],"myths.":[78],"Strategies":[79],"for":[80],"changing":[81],"students'":[82],"proposed.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}