{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2043149136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1990.10885955","title":"Gender Differences in Spelling Achievement in Grades 1 Through 6","display_name":"Gender Differences in Spelling Achievement in Grades 1 Through 6","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2043149136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1990.10885955","mag":"2043149136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00220671.1990.10885955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1990.10885955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1990.10885955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54795217","display_name":"The Journal of Educational Research","issn_l":"0022-0671","issn":["0022-0671","1940-0675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Educational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063548101","display_name":"Ruel A. Allred","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruel A. Allred","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brigham Young University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham Young University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063548101"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6806,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85387148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"83","issue":"4","first_page":"187","last_page":"193"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12070","display_name":"Writing and Handwriting Education","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11820","display_name":"Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spelling-achievement","display_name":"spelling achievement","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elementary-school-students","display_name":"elementary school students","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proofreading","display_name":"proofreading","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-cultural-comparison","display_name":"cross-cultural comparison","score":0.6499999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.9784954190254211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780957641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999796","display_name":"Spell","level":2,"score":0.8940407633781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.621179461479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5911441445350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203151758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3244907","display_name":"Standardized test","level":2,"score":0.48541125655174255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4260811507701874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017523755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18189","display_name":"Grade level","level":2,"score":0.41467106342315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.40914633870124817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2459126114845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0750894546508789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00220671.1990.10885955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1990.10885955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1990.10885955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54795217","display_name":"The Journal of Educational Research","issn_l":"0022-0671","issn":["0022-0671","1940-0675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Educational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9235000014305115},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7307999730110168},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6025999784469604}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8299999833106995}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W174268032","https://openalex.org/W238677000","https://openalex.org/W261286941","https://openalex.org/W398127051","https://openalex.org/W1482852963","https://openalex.org/W1988677165","https://openalex.org/W1991320524","https://openalex.org/W2000965626","https://openalex.org/W2009134131","https://openalex.org/W2067054315","https://openalex.org/W2093625945","https://openalex.org/W2093970916","https://openalex.org/W2114585628","https://openalex.org/W2317395371","https://openalex.org/W4254327444"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W314240312","https://openalex.org/W2901533917","https://openalex.org/W2093625945","https://openalex.org/W2056292004","https://openalex.org/W2122080993","https://openalex.org/W1587134921","https://openalex.org/W2886337387","https://openalex.org/W2169421193","https://openalex.org/W3208937502","https://openalex.org/W2008794510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"gender":[3,129],"differences":[4,72],"in":[5,12,37,109],"spelling":[6,26,54],"achievement":[7],"were":[8,28,68],"investigated":[9],"for":[10,78,81,90],"students":[11],"Grades":[13],"1":[14],"through":[15],"6.":[16],"Performances":[17],"of":[18,41,66,125,128],"boys":[19,117],"and":[20,24,34,51,135],"girls":[21,113],"on":[22,70,93,96,122],"standardized":[23,49],"written":[25,53],"tests":[27,75],"compared.":[29],"Students":[30],"from":[31],"high-,":[32],"medium-,":[33],"low-achieving":[35],"schools":[36],"six":[38],"geographic":[39],"areas":[40],"the":[42,58,110],"United":[43],"States":[44],"took":[45],"both":[46,74,91,97,123],"a":[47,52],"proofreading-type":[48],"test":[50,55],"that":[56,112],"contained":[57],"same":[59],"words":[60],"(N":[61],"=":[62],"3,":[63],"024).":[64],"Analyses":[65],"variance":[67],"performed":[69],"average":[71],"across":[73],"by":[76],"sex":[77],"each":[79,94],"grade":[80,120],"all":[82,119],"areas.":[83],"A":[84],"physical":[85],"count":[86],"also":[87],"was":[88],"made":[89],"sexes":[92],"word":[95],"tests.":[98,126],"Girls":[99],"scored":[100],"significantly":[101],"higher":[102],"(all":[103],"p":[104],"values":[105],">":[106],".001),":[107],"resulting":[108],"conclusion":[111],"spell":[114],"better":[115],"than":[116],"at":[118],"levels":[121],"kinds":[124],"Causes":[127],"differences,":[130,134],"including":[131],"possible":[132],"cross-cultural":[133],"effective":[136],"classroom":[137],"strategies":[138],"must":[139],"yet":[140],"be":[141],"determined.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
