{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2043092371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7789","title":"Morphologic and Confocal Investigation on Salzmann Nodular Degeneration of the Cornea","display_name":"Morphologic and Confocal Investigation on Salzmann Nodular Degeneration of the Cornea","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2043092371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7789","mag":"2043092371","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21705683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7789","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76304953","display_name":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science","issn_l":"0146-0404","issn":["0146-0404","1552-5783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321950","host_organization_name":"Cadmus Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321950"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cadmus Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001080611","display_name":"Anna Maria Roszkowska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8083-3437","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8083-3437"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna M. Roszkowska","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Department of Surgical Specialties, Section of Ophthalmology, and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Department of Surgical Specialties, Section of Ophthalmology, and","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063796948","display_name":"Pasquale Aragona","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9582-9799","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9582-9799"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pasquale Aragona","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Department of Surgical Specialties, Section of Ophthalmology, and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Department of Surgical Specialties, Section of Ophthalmology, and","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041900164","display_name":"Rosaria Spinella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0093-8421","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0093-8421"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosaria Spinella","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Department of Surgical Specialties, Section of Ophthalmology, and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Department of Surgical Specialties, Section of Ophthalmology, and","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054925078","display_name":"Antonina Pisani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonina Pisani","raw_affiliation_strings":["the Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, Section of Histology and Embryology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, Section of Histology and Embryology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013492368","display_name":"Domenico Puzzolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1651-1409","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1651-1409"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Domenico Puzzolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["the Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, Section of Histology and Embryology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, Section of Histology and Embryology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036326025","display_name":"Antonio Girolamo Micali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0826-1910","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0826-1910"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Micali","raw_affiliation_strings":["the Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, Section of Histology and Embryology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, Section of Histology and Embryology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0296,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85049501,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"8","first_page":"5910","last_page":"5910"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10563","display_name":"Corneal surgery and disorders","score":0.8784000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10563","display_name":"Corneal surgery and disorders","score":0.8784000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":0.07320000231266022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11828","display_name":"Corneal Surgery and Treatments","score":0.03440000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corneal-degeneration","display_name":"corneal degeneration","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corneal-ultrastructure","display_name":"corneal ultrastructure","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keratocyte-activation","display_name":"keratocyte activation","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corneal-basement-membrane","display_name":"corneal basement membrane","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bowman-s-layer","display_name":"Bowman's layer","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corneal-stroma","display_name":"corneal stroma","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corneal-epithelium","display_name":"corneal epithelium","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confocal-microscopy","display_name":"confocal microscopy","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-electron-microscopy","display_name":"transmission electron microscopy","score":0.7940000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136009344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336201","display_name":"Confocal","level":2,"score":0.806669294834137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779178360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902045","display_name":"Confocal microscopy","level":2,"score":0.719071626663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776193487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32846","display_name":"Basement membrane","level":2,"score":0.7176861763000488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52124034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557179","display_name":"Stroma","level":3,"score":0.6944809556007385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16930146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4381253","display_name":"Stromal cell","level":2,"score":0.6564916372299194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.6410131454467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87555872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3141316","display_name":"Ultrastructure","level":2,"score":0.6284995675086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.6205593943595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776731575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916245","display_name":"Nodule (geology)","level":2,"score":0.613241970539093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776882836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168291","display_name":"Cornea","level":2,"score":0.5692943334579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529295009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41301","display_name":"Epithelium","level":2,"score":0.5512331128120422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.42590251564979553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779257441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2040445","display_name":"Corneal epithelium","level":3,"score":0.4184606373310089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779354088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15467261","display_name":"Degeneration (medical)","level":2,"score":0.41813576221466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204232928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899285","display_name":"Immunohistochemistry","level":2,"score":0.22630172967910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.22581902146339417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.14366957545280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001485","descriptor_name":"Basement Membrane","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001485","descriptor_name":"Basement Membrane","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003317","descriptor_name":"Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004847","descriptor_name":"Epithelial Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004847","descriptor_name":"Epithelial Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009412","descriptor_name":"Nerve Fibers","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009412","descriptor_name":"Nerve Fibers","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019573","descriptor_name":"Epithelium, Corneal","qualifier_ui":"Q000294","qualifier_name":"innervation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019573","descriptor_name":"Epithelium, Corneal","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019573","descriptor_name":"Epithelium, Corneal","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046529","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Electron, Transmission","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050541","descriptor_name":"Bowman Membrane","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050541","descriptor_name":"Bowman Membrane","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7789","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76304953","display_name":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science","issn_l":"0146-0404","issn":["0146-0404","1552-5783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321950","host_organization_name":"Cadmus Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321950"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cadmus Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21705683","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21705683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/case-report","display_name":"Case Report"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W205380933","https://openalex.org/W1555908776","https://openalex.org/W1566186846","https://openalex.org/W1925839757","https://openalex.org/W1970718841","https://openalex.org/W1971796861","https://openalex.org/W1974966080","https://openalex.org/W1988051657","https://openalex.org/W1989915809","https://openalex.org/W1997147949","https://openalex.org/W2004677860","https://openalex.org/W2007273217","https://openalex.org/W2012582450","https://openalex.org/W2023958744","https://openalex.org/W2025105932","https://openalex.org/W2030836332","https://openalex.org/W2037482092","https://openalex.org/W2042343633","https://openalex.org/W2044204691","https://openalex.org/W2048638072","https://openalex.org/W2057285931","https://openalex.org/W2074300647","https://openalex.org/W2076894557","https://openalex.org/W2094986809","https://openalex.org/W2112980158","https://openalex.org/W2124587524","https://openalex.org/W2127911529","https://openalex.org/W2136182528","https://openalex.org/W2147488235","https://openalex.org/W2162991970"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2094986809","https://openalex.org/W1997147949","https://openalex.org/W2074300647","https://openalex.org/W2007273217","https://openalex.org/W7135085119","https://openalex.org/W2215224112","https://openalex.org/W1988051657","https://openalex.org/W1974966080","https://openalex.org/W2994644126","https://openalex.org/W3128640356"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"To":[1],"investigate":[2],"the":[3,62,66,91,99,107,110,114,116,126,130,132,140,171,174,180,201,209,235],"ultrastructure":[4],"of":[5,98,173,200,208,218,228,239],"advanced":[6,193],"Salzmann":[7],"nodular":[8,150],"degeneration":[9],"(SND)":[10],"and":[11,35,38,44,58,71,80,88,101,120,139,158,166,187,212,222],"to":[12,15,113,232,234],"correlate":[13],"it":[14],"confocal":[16,33,51,181],"in":[17,61,109,170,190],"vivo":[18],"findings.":[19],"METHODS:":[20],"The":[21,50,149],"corneal":[22,237],"degenerative":[23,168],"nodules":[24],"from":[25],"four":[26,89],"patients":[27,191],"with":[28,32,121,185,192,204],"SND":[29],"were":[30,76,84,163],"examined":[31],"microscopy":[34,42,47],"then":[36],"removed":[37],"processed":[39],"for":[40],"light":[41],"(LM)":[43],"transmission":[45],"electron":[46],"(TEM).":[48],"RESULTS:":[49],"examination":[52],"revealed":[53,197],"elongated":[54],"basal":[55],"epithelial":[56],"cells":[57],"activated":[59,156],"keratocytes":[60,157],"anterior":[63],"stroma":[64,151],"near":[65],"nodules.":[67],"Occasional":[68],"subbasal":[69],"nerves":[70,162],"tortuous":[72],"stromal":[73],"nerve":[74,225],"bundles":[75],"observed.":[77],"With":[78],"LM":[79,186],"TEM,":[81],"five":[82],"zones":[83,111],"described:":[85],"one":[86],"internodular":[87],"pertaining":[90],"nodule,":[92],"each":[93],"characterized":[94],"by":[95,106,154],"peculiar":[96],"aspects":[97,217],"epithelium":[100,117,202],"stroma.":[102],"As":[103],"also":[104],"confirmed":[105],"morphometry,":[108],"corresponding":[112],"nodules,":[115,131],"was":[118,135,152],"lower":[119],"fewer":[122],"cell":[123],"layers":[124],"than":[125],"peripheral":[127],"zones.":[128],"Over":[129],"basement":[133,210],"membrane":[134,211],"discontinuous":[136],"or":[137],"absent":[138],"Bowman's":[141,213],"layer,":[142,214],"when":[143],"present,":[144],"had":[145,167],"a":[146],"granular-filamentous":[147],"appearance.":[148],"formed":[153],"many":[155],"irregular":[159],"lamellae.":[160],"Subbasal":[161],"always":[164],"isolated":[165],"changes":[169,199,207],"center":[172],"nodule.":[175],"CONCLUSIONS:":[176],"This":[177],"work":[178],"illustrates":[179],"microscopic":[182],"findings":[183],"associated":[184],"TEM":[188],"observations":[189],"SND.":[194,240],"Our":[195],"data":[196],"milder":[198],"together":[203],"more":[205],"pronounced":[206],"which":[215],"are":[216],"increased":[219],"keratocyte":[220],"activity":[221],"an":[223],"altered":[224],"pattern.":[226],"All":[227],"these":[229],"structures":[230],"seem":[231],"contribute":[233],"characteristic":[236],"disorganization":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}