{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2042531137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00236.x-i1","title":"How Public Opinion Constrains the Use of Force: The Case of Operation Restore Hope","display_name":"How Public Opinion Constrains the Use of Force: The Case of Operation Restore Hope","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2042531137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00236.x-i1","mag":"2042531137"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00236.x-i1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00236.x-i1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00236.x-i1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103858575","display_name":"Presidential Studies Quarterly","issn_l":"0360-4918","issn":["0360-4918","1741-5705"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Presidential Studies Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068414530","display_name":"Matthew Baum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-1492","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-1492"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthew A. Baum","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068414530"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":{"value":3300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3300},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.6941,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":126,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97706105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"2","first_page":"187","last_page":"226"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12752","display_name":"Global Peace and Security Dynamics","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-opinion","display_name":"public opinion","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/use-of-force","display_name":"use of force","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operation-restore-hope","display_name":"Operation Restore Hope","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/somalia-intervention","display_name":"Somalia intervention","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audience-costs","display_name":"audience costs","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domestic-politics-and-foreign-policy","display_name":"domestic politics and foreign policy","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presidential-decision-making","display_name":"presidential decision-making","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-presidents","display_name":"American presidents","score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/george-h-w-bush","display_name":"George H. W. Bush","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bill-clinton","display_name":"Bill Clinton","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preemptive-war","display_name":"preemptive war","score":0.4490000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776050585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7439360","display_name":"Scrutiny","level":2,"score":0.9473174810409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134698397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17946","display_name":"Public opinion","level":3,"score":0.7393154501914978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6720734238624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.648705244064331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.6204540729522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779220109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50000","display_name":"Victory","level":3,"score":0.5753759741783142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93377909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181648","display_name":"Foreign policy","level":3,"score":0.502758264541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4781661629676819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.36642301082611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.32766664028167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.22569331526756287}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00236.x-i1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00236.x-i1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00236.x-i1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103858575","display_name":"Presidential Studies Quarterly","issn_l":"0360-4918","issn":["0360-4918","1741-5705"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Presidential Studies Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8100000023841858}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69800076","https://openalex.org/W162149263","https://openalex.org/W182804321","https://openalex.org/W183747230","https://openalex.org/W587113165","https://openalex.org/W596835379","https://openalex.org/W604683484","https://openalex.org/W638151384","https://openalex.org/W656020607","https://openalex.org/W1480254196","https://openalex.org/W1482317240","https://openalex.org/W1485358265","https://openalex.org/W1515424492","https://openalex.org/W1521934078","https://openalex.org/W1975846244","https://openalex.org/W1985813174","https://openalex.org/W1988323515","https://openalex.org/W1990013690","https://openalex.org/W2009260482","https://openalex.org/W2010616166","https://openalex.org/W2011069737","https://openalex.org/W2020882408","https://openalex.org/W2027116951","https://openalex.org/W2028634270","https://openalex.org/W2031961185","https://openalex.org/W2042044294","https://openalex.org/W2043234688","https://openalex.org/W2049228636","https://openalex.org/W2049555304","https://openalex.org/W2056176140","https://openalex.org/W2056370346","https://openalex.org/W2056451351","https://openalex.org/W2057012170","https://openalex.org/W2063236012","https://openalex.org/W2063890925","https://openalex.org/W2066093827","https://openalex.org/W2076103789","https://openalex.org/W2077630738","https://openalex.org/W2085574420","https://openalex.org/W2091009045","https://openalex.org/W2092895546","https://openalex.org/W2092951108","https://openalex.org/W2097893638","https://openalex.org/W2107419806","https://openalex.org/W2108378466","https://openalex.org/W2109017144","https://openalex.org/W2109781560","https://openalex.org/W2113563668","https://openalex.org/W2113607642","https://openalex.org/W2113671883","https://openalex.org/W2119738885","https://openalex.org/W2132409878","https://openalex.org/W2133542274","https://openalex.org/W2135035101","https://openalex.org/W2147116195","https://openalex.org/W2152526885","https://openalex.org/W2154661880","https://openalex.org/W2155263310","https://openalex.org/W2156753646","https://openalex.org/W2158899880","https://openalex.org/W2160460682","https://openalex.org/W2164540423","https://openalex.org/W2168022836","https://openalex.org/W2169253034","https://openalex.org/W2169622170","https://openalex.org/W2214923277","https://openalex.org/W2247245579","https://openalex.org/W2251119322","https://openalex.org/W2259519873","https://openalex.org/W2314292878","https://openalex.org/W2314588091","https://openalex.org/W2314918824","https://openalex.org/W2315688625","https://openalex.org/W2315709161","https://openalex.org/W2315892893","https://openalex.org/W2316539943","https://openalex.org/W2323464168","https://openalex.org/W2324592555","https://openalex.org/W2329087729","https://openalex.org/W2329342677","https://openalex.org/W2333203909","https://openalex.org/W2465133112","https://openalex.org/W2479621903","https://openalex.org/W2485230824","https://openalex.org/W2494070941","https://openalex.org/W2494487601","https://openalex.org/W2498785811","https://openalex.org/W2562141051","https://openalex.org/W2796195638","https://openalex.org/W2797842723","https://openalex.org/W2799980148","https://openalex.org/W2801869799","https://openalex.org/W2995067936","https://openalex.org/W3021363567","https://openalex.org/W3138417305","https://openalex.org/W3142746461","https://openalex.org/W4206459403","https://openalex.org/W4211174101","https://openalex.org/W4237517061","https://openalex.org/W4252439405","https://openalex.org/W4256486719","https://openalex.org/W4298373958","https://openalex.org/W4299315685","https://openalex.org/W4299729958"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097678634","https://openalex.org/W1481333862","https://openalex.org/W4394741308","https://openalex.org/W2504915272","https://openalex.org/W2173082451","https://openalex.org/W1594895216","https://openalex.org/W7086635142","https://openalex.org/W2340660357","https://openalex.org/W100371288","https://openalex.org/W7058372493"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"previous":[1],"research":[2],"on":[3,9,74,150],"the":[4,63,91,110,124,137,145,151,162,174,193],"influence":[5],"of":[6,93,101,114,129,136,144,147,154,177,200],"domestic":[7,75],"politics":[8],"international":[10],"conflict":[11],"behavior":[12],"treats":[13],"public":[14,30,47,82,130,148,178],"opinion":[15,31,149],"as":[16,36,44,56],"endogenous":[17],"to":[18,161],"political":[19,112,194],"institutions,":[20],"leaders\u2019":[21],"preferences,":[22],"or":[23],"both.":[24],"In":[25],"contrast,":[26],"I":[27,39,139,168],"argue":[28,41],"that":[29,81,170],"is":[32,208],"more":[33],"accurately":[34],"characterized":[35],"partially":[37],"exogenous.":[38],"further":[40],"that,":[42],"partly":[43],"a":[45,57,67,86,94,104,115,133,141],"consequence,":[46],"scrutiny":[48,83,179],"can":[49,180],"inhibit":[50],"U.S.":[51,164],"presidents":[52],"from":[53],"using":[54],"force":[55],"foreign":[58],"policy":[59],"tool,":[60],"particularly":[61],"when":[62],"strategic":[64],"stakes":[65],"in":[66,78,90,103,166,197],"dispute":[68],"are":[69,120],"relatively":[70],"modest.":[71],"The":[72],"literature":[73],"audience":[76],"costs,":[77],"turn,":[79],"holds":[80],"may":[84],"enhance":[85],"democratic":[87],"leader's":[88],"credibility":[89],"eyes":[92],"potential":[95,111],"adversary,":[96],"thereby":[97],"increasing":[98],"his":[99],"likelihood":[100],"victory":[102],"dispute.":[105],"Yet,":[106],"it":[107],"also":[108],"raises":[109],"price":[113],"bad":[116],"outcome.":[117],"Democratic":[118],"leaders":[119],"therefore":[121],"cross\u2010pressured":[122],"by":[123,172],"simultaneous":[125],"advantages":[126],"and":[127,157],"disadvantages":[128],"scrutiny.":[131],"As":[132],"preliminary":[134],"test":[135],"theory,":[138],"conduct":[140],"plausibility":[142],"probe":[143],"influences":[146],"decision":[152],"making":[153],"Presidents":[155],"Bush":[156],"Clinton":[158],"with":[159],"respect":[160],"1992\u20101994":[163],"intervention":[165],"Somalia.":[167,189],"find":[169],"only":[171],"considering":[173],"constraining":[175],"effect":[176],"we":[181],"fully":[182],"understand":[183],"these":[184,198],"two":[185],"presidents\u2019":[186],"policies":[187],"regarding":[188],"At":[190],"some":[191],"level,":[192],"decisions":[195],"preempt":[196],"kinds":[199],"operations.":[201],".":[202,203,204],"Everything":[205],"that's":[206],"done":[207],"political.":[209],"\u2014General":[210],"Joseph":[211],"Hoar,":[212],"USMC":[213],"(ret.)":[214],"Former":[215],"CINCCENT":[216],"1":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
