{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2042275232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3182611","title":"TH\u2010C\u2010BRD\u201009: Experimental Determination of Central\u2010 and Off\u2010Axis Scerma Using Scatter Primary Ratio","display_name":"TH\u2010C\u2010BRD\u201009: Experimental Determination of Central\u2010 and Off\u2010Axis Scerma Using Scatter Primary Ratio","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2042275232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3182611","mag":"2042275232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.3182611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3182611","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3182611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"K Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","#N#               * University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#               * University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035739737","display_name":"Timothy C. Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2842-8984","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2842-8984"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","#N#               * University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#               * University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":3360,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3360},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19259826,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"6Part27","first_page":"2796","last_page":"2797"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scatter-dose","display_name":"scatter dose","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scatter-to-primary-ratio","display_name":"scatter-to-primary ratio","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/megavoltage-photon-beams","display_name":"megavoltage photon beams","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-hardening","display_name":"beam hardening","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-dependence","display_name":"depth dependence","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation-coefficient","display_name":"attenuation coefficient","score":0.7239999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178639098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1739288","display_name":"Kerma","level":3,"score":0.7069423794746399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.6408924460411072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.6317906379699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.6222878694534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5386701822280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778785133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25303639","display_name":"Photon energy","level":3,"score":0.5100823044776917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159774933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902086","display_name":"Attenuation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.5079479813575745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.4929616451263428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4851261079311371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.4774256646633148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.42864301800727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.35261356830596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75088862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2291081","display_name":"Dosimetry","level":2,"score":0.32847535610198975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.2300529181957245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18844720721244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1325337290763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.3182611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3182611","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3182611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082154631","https://openalex.org/W2046966273","https://openalex.org/W2037635192","https://openalex.org/W2008674298","https://openalex.org/W2007557284","https://openalex.org/W2014922117","https://openalex.org/W2059395840","https://openalex.org/W2051823234","https://openalex.org/W1530231118","https://openalex.org/W2048229457"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose:":[0],"The":[1,216],"absorbed":[2],"dose":[3,301],"for":[4,40,48,138],"a":[5,20,122,143,241],"clinical":[6,243],"megavoltage":[7],"photon":[8,44,50,146],"beam":[9,35,59,254],"can":[10,62,176,186],"be":[11,63,171,177,219],"separated":[12],"into":[13],"primary":[14,77,278],"and":[15,81,90,130,155,163,174,189,259],"scatter":[16,300],"doses":[17],"expressed":[18],"as":[19,70,142],"convolution":[21,69],"of":[22,43,113,145,264,268,277],"the":[23,41,49,58,68,110,198,204,230,253,262,265,275,292],"point":[24],"spread":[25],"kernels":[26,75],"with":[27,76,97,180],"Terma":[28],"(T).":[29],"This":[30],"expression":[31,137],"requires":[32],"an":[33,135,209],"additional":[34],"hardening":[36,60],"function":[37,61,144],"to":[38,85,108,124,148,166,170,212,252,290],"account":[39],"difference":[42],"attenuation":[45,181],"vs.":[46],"energy":[47,51,73,147,244,255],"spectrum.":[52],"It":[53],"has":[54,105,281],"been":[55,106],"established":[56,107],"that":[57,248,274],"eliminated":[64],"if":[65,192],"one":[66,185],"rewrite":[67],"modified":[71],"polyenergetic":[72],"deposition":[74],"collision":[78],"Kerma":[79,280],"Kc,":[80],"Sc,":[82],"Scerma,":[83,294],"equal":[84],"T\u2010":[86],"Kc.":[87],"Both":[88],"Kc":[89],"Sc":[91],"include":[92],"beam\u2010hardening":[93],"effects":[94],"but":[95],"are":[96,158],"different":[98],"depth":[99,111,266,283],"dependence.":[100,284],"However,":[101],"no":[102],"experimental":[103],"method":[104,123,287],"determine":[109,126,149,187,291],"dependence":[112,267],"Sc.":[114],"In":[115],"this":[116,260],"study,":[117],"we":[118,201,207],"focused":[119],"on":[120],"developing":[121],"experimentally":[125],"Sc/Kc":[127],"at":[128,151,237,256],"central\u2010":[129,188],"off\u2010axis.":[131],"Methods:":[132],"We":[133,227,246],"use":[134],"empirical":[136],"scatter\u2010to\u2010primary":[139],"ratio":[140,276],"(SPR)":[141],"Scerma":[150,200],"infinite":[152],"field":[153],"size":[154],"depth.":[156],"There":[157],"three":[159],"parameters,":[160],"a0,":[161],"w0":[162],"d0,":[164],"related":[165],"SPR,":[167],"which":[168,295],"need":[169],"determined":[172,220],"experimentally,":[173],"they":[175],"directly":[178],"correlated":[179],"coefficient":[182],"\u03bc.":[183],"Therefore,":[184],"off\u2010axis":[190,199,205,214,293],"scerma,":[191],"\u03bc":[193],"is":[194,250,261,288,296],"known.":[195],"To":[196],"confirm":[197],"obtained":[202],"from":[203,232],"\u03bc(x),":[206],"propose":[208],"independent":[210],"experiment":[211],"extract":[213],"SPR.":[215],"SPR":[217],"will":[218],"by":[221],"fitting":[222],"experimentally\u2010measured":[223],"TPR":[224],"*Sp.":[225],"Results:":[226],"have":[228],"extracted":[229],"parameters":[231],"Monte":[233],"Carlo":[234],"simulated":[235],"data":[236],"central":[238,257],"axis":[239],"in":[240,298],"wide":[242],"range.":[245],"find":[247],"a0/w0":[249],"proportional":[251],"axis,":[258],"slope":[263],"Sc/Kc.":[269],"Our":[270],"results":[271],"also":[272],"show":[273],"Scerma\u2010to\u2010collision":[279],"linear":[282],"Conclusion:":[285],"Experimental":[286],"developed":[289],"critical":[297],"convolution\u2010based":[299],"calculation.":[302]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
