{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2041382018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01367895-200516010-00005","title":"Medical Spanish and Physician Assistant Education: Usage, Barriers, and Need","display_name":"Medical Spanish and Physician Assistant Education: Usage, Barriers, and Need","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2041382018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01367895-200516010-00005","mag":"2041382018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/01367895-200516010-00005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01367895-200516010-00005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01367895-200516010-00005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765049202","display_name":"The Journal of Physician Assistant Education","issn_l":"1941-9430","issn":["1941-9430","1941-9449"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","medline","poland-40","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Physician Assistant Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060967350","display_name":"Cristina M. Gonz\u00e1lez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9779-6548","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9779-6548"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86115722","display_name":"Furman University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ytb9n23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86115722"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristina M. Gonz\u00e1lez","raw_affiliation_strings":["","Department of Physician Assistant Studies","University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","5323 Harry Hines Blvd., V4.114","Cristina M. Gonz\u00e1lez is an associate professor in the Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Lauren M. Parma is an undergraduate student intern from Furman University, Greenville, North Carolina","Cristina M. Gonz\u00e1lez, MA","Dallas, TX 75390-9090","E-mail:[email\u00a0protected]","Fax: 214-648-1003","Voice: 214-648-1701"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physician Assistant Studies","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"5323 Harry Hines Blvd., V4.114","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cristina M. Gonz\u00e1lez is an associate professor in the Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Lauren M. Parma is an undergraduate student intern from Furman University, Greenville, North Carolina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86115722","https://openalex.org/I867280407"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cristina M. Gonz\u00e1lez, MA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dallas, TX 75390-9090","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"E-mail:[email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fax: 214-648-1003","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Voice: 214-648-1701","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090007024","display_name":"Lauren M. Parma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86115722","display_name":"Furman University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ytb9n23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86115722"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren M. Parma","raw_affiliation_strings":["","Department of Physician Assistant Studies","University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","5323 Harry Hines Blvd., V4.114","Cristina M. Gonz\u00e1lez is an associate professor in the Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Lauren M. Parma is an undergraduate student intern from Furman University, Greenville, North Carolina","Cristina M. Gonz\u00e1lez, MA","Dallas, TX 75390-9090","E-mail:[email\u00a0protected]","Fax: 214-648-1003","Voice: 214-648-1701"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physician Assistant Studies","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"5323 Harry Hines Blvd., V4.114","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cristina M. Gonz\u00e1lez is an associate professor in the Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Lauren M. Parma is an undergraduate student intern from Furman University, Greenville, North Carolina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86115722","https://openalex.org/I867280407"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cristina M. Gonz\u00e1lez, MA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dallas, TX 75390-9090","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"E-mail:[email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fax: 214-648-1003","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Voice: 214-648-1701","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7015,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80599867,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"18","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12151","display_name":"Interpreting and Communication in Healthcare","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12151","display_name":"Interpreting and Communication in Healthcare","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12194","display_name":"Cultural Competency in Health Care","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-spanish","display_name":"medical Spanish","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-assistant-education","display_name":"physician assistant education","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-barriers","display_name":"language barriers","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hispanic-patients","display_name":"Hispanic patients","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spanish-speaking-patients","display_name":"Spanish-speaking patients","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum-needs-assessment","display_name":"curriculum needs assessment","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-competence","display_name":"cultural competence","score":0.699999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.6961594820022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.5519940257072449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47602998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2588869","display_name":"Language barrier","level":2,"score":0.5489082336425781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.5313252806663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5018000602722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.46789729595184326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4437887370586395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.43844330310821533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993838110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494230","display_name":"Medical school","level":2,"score":0.42580458521842957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4026113748550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.36155426502227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.12942123413085938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.1027684211730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09628990292549133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/01367895-200516010-00005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01367895-200516010-00005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01367895-200516010-00005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765049202","display_name":"The Journal of Physician Assistant Education","issn_l":"1941-9430","issn":["1941-9430","1941-9449"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","medline","poland-40","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Physician Assistant Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8560000061988831,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8278999924659729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W230575377","https://openalex.org/W1996255927","https://openalex.org/W2025328509","https://openalex.org/W2030709365","https://openalex.org/W2106748763","https://openalex.org/W2334902877"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3147188973","https://openalex.org/W2055888800","https://openalex.org/W4392231369","https://openalex.org/W2984673963","https://openalex.org/W7131272557","https://openalex.org/W4290271108","https://openalex.org/W4367153417","https://openalex.org/W4392660486","https://openalex.org/W6986571411","https://openalex.org/W4295255163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Language":[1],"barriers":[2,51],"can":[3,60],"have":[4,40,162],"significant":[5],"adverse":[6],"effects":[7],"on":[8],"the":[9,24,35,69,82,105,143,176],"quality":[10],"of":[11,18,26,89,104,120,130,145],"Latino":[12,37],"patient":[13],"care.":[14],"The":[15],"primary":[16],"goal":[17],"this":[19],"study":[20],"was":[21,76],"to":[22,80,139,174,184],"evaluate":[23],"extent":[25],"medical":[27,57,66,90],"Spanish":[28,91,110],"education":[29],"in":[30,63,65,93,156],"US":[31,94],"PA":[32,45,95,146],"programs,":[33],"as":[34],"increasing":[36],"population":[38],"could":[39],"important":[41],"implications":[42],"for":[43,84,181],"future":[44],"curricula.":[46],"Not":[47],"only":[48],"do":[49],"language":[50,187],"prevent":[52],"many":[53],"Latinos":[54],"from":[55,101],"obtaining":[56],"care,":[58],"they":[59],"also":[61],"result":[62],"errors":[64],"interpretation":[67],"by":[68,128,142,159,167],"patient.":[70],"Methods:":[71],"A":[72],"17-question":[73],"electronic":[74],"survey":[75],"prepared":[77],"through":[78],"formsite.com":[79],"assess":[81],"need":[83],"and":[85,87,149,188],"prevalence":[86],"types":[88],"programs":[92,107,131],"programs.":[96],"Results:":[97],"Responses":[98],"were":[99],"received":[100,163],"85":[102],"(63.4%)":[103],"134":[106],"surveyed.":[108],"Medical":[109],"is":[111,137,150,172],"offered":[112,127],"at":[113,152],"a":[114],"higher":[115],"rate":[116],"than":[117],"expected":[118],"(31.7%":[119],"programs),":[121],"it":[122,136],"may":[123],"or":[124],"will":[125],"be":[126,140],"43.4%":[129],"not":[132],"currently":[133],"offering":[134],"it,":[135],"perceived":[138],"appealing":[141],"majority":[144],"employers":[147],"(96.3%),":[148],"used":[151],"least":[153],"occasionally":[154],"(70.4%)":[155],"clinical":[157],"practice":[158],"alumni":[160],"who":[161],"such":[164],"training,":[165],"daily":[166],"29.6%.":[168],"Conclusion:":[169],"Additional":[170],"research":[171],"needed":[173],"determine":[175],"optimal":[177],"educational":[178],"delivery":[179],"strategy":[180],"health":[182],"professionals":[183],"obtain":[185],"new":[186],"cultural":[189],"skills.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
