{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2041362028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01256h","title":"Can we test geoengineering?","display_name":"Can we test geoengineering?","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2041362028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01256h","mag":"2041362028"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1039/c1ee01256h","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01256h","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01256h","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117082959","display_name":"Energy & Environmental Science","issn_l":"1754-5692","issn":["1754-5692","1754-5706"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320556","host_organization_name":"Royal Society of Chemistry","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320556"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society of Chemistry"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy &amp; Environmental Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13406228","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043688506","display_name":"Douglas G. MacMartin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1987-9417","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1987-9417"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas G. MacMynowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Dynamical Systems, California Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Dynamical Systems, California Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017099760","display_name":"David W. Keith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8224-3780","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8224-3780"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David W. Keith","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052404353","display_name":"Ken Caldeira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4591-643X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4591-643X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196817621","display_name":"Carnegie Institution for Science","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr01610","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196817621"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken Caldeira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, USA","Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196817621"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196817621"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101520527","display_name":"Ho\u2010Jeong Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1468-8881","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1468-8881"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196817621","display_name":"Carnegie Institution for Science","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr01610","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196817621"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho-Jeong Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, USA","Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196817621"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196817621"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1569,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93925863,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"12","first_page":"5044","last_page":"5044"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12615","display_name":"Climate Change and Geoengineering","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12615","display_name":"Climate Change and Geoengineering","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-radiation-management","display_name":"solar radiation management","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geoengineering","display_name":"geoengineering","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient-climate-response","display_name":"transient climate response","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-forcing","display_name":"radiative forcing","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-feedbacks","display_name":"climate feedbacks","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation-response","display_name":"precipitation response","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volcanic-eruptions","display_name":"volcanic eruptions","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropogenic-climate-change","display_name":"anthropogenic climate change","score":0.6470000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99578197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1463606","display_name":"Radiative forcing","level":3,"score":0.7330315709114075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6230586767196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5539509057998657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.5535835027694702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.5500626564025879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197115733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5371229648590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.4983241558074951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.34707534313201904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3331041634082794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3288501501083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21202227473258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10328260064125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1039/c1ee01256h","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01256h","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01256h","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117082959","display_name":"Energy & Environmental Science","issn_l":"1754-5692","issn":["1754-5692","1754-5706"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320556","host_organization_name":"Royal Society of Chemistry","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320556"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society of Chemistry"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy &amp; Environmental Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.592.6284","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.592.6284","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.keith.seas.harvard.edu/papers/128.MacMynowski.CanWeTestGeoeng.e.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:authors.library.caltech.edu:28639","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120104-093848557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402161","display_name":"CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","host_organization_name":"California Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dash.harvard.edu:1/13406228","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13406228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401540","display_name":"Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","host_organization_name":"Harvard University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:3019375695","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMGC31A0857M/abstract","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306501063","display_name":"AGUFM","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"AGUFM","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dash.harvard.edu:1/13406228","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13406228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401540","display_name":"Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","host_organization_name":"Harvard University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536691209","https://openalex.org/W1699477788","https://openalex.org/W1703230271","https://openalex.org/W1727115894","https://openalex.org/W1965435246","https://openalex.org/W1976413753","https://openalex.org/W1977264235","https://openalex.org/W1991930950","https://openalex.org/W2017818081","https://openalex.org/W2037756856","https://openalex.org/W2038320992","https://openalex.org/W2048143352","https://openalex.org/W2048911136","https://openalex.org/W2051048231","https://openalex.org/W2052115269","https://openalex.org/W2057157915","https://openalex.org/W2064326162","https://openalex.org/W2066375491","https://openalex.org/W2081344135","https://openalex.org/W2086072652","https://openalex.org/W2092581409","https://openalex.org/W2096427752","https://openalex.org/W2096485891","https://openalex.org/W2104025387","https://openalex.org/W2111721033","https://openalex.org/W2112043465","https://openalex.org/W2112742019","https://openalex.org/W2145844935","https://openalex.org/W2150568842","https://openalex.org/W2160252043","https://openalex.org/W2164086087","https://openalex.org/W2168776991","https://openalex.org/W2173251738","https://openalex.org/W2178182216"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121444587","https://openalex.org/W2999105621","https://openalex.org/W198239987","https://openalex.org/W4415379144","https://openalex.org/W7096225023","https://openalex.org/W1974026929","https://openalex.org/W2096531315","https://openalex.org/W1986903159","https://openalex.org/W2168099027","https://openalex.org/W2289721959"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Solar":[0],"radiation":[1],"management":[2],"(SRM),":[3],"a":[4,23,49,82,148,177,206,219,256,281,291],"form":[5],"of":[6,15,20,34,42,54,75,117,127,218,239,271,289],"geoengineering,":[7],"might":[8],"be":[9,142,173,188,194],"used":[10,211],"to":[11,25,51,57,63,67,79,95,99,123,131,141,193,229,235,258,263,274,300],"offset":[12],"some":[13,68],"fraction":[14],"the":[16,30,40,76,89,97,111,118,128,155,183,214,237,269,272,275],"anthropogenic":[17],"radiative":[18,215],"forcing":[19,107,216,261],"climate":[21,27,55,161,185],"as":[22,48,254,262],"means":[24,50],"reduce":[26,154],"change,":[28],"but":[29,163],"risks":[31,61],"and":[32,59,101,109,115,120],"effectiveness":[33],"SRM":[35,44,58,80,100,106,132,283],"are":[36,244],"uncertain.":[37],"We":[38,84],"examine":[39],"possibility":[41],"testing":[43],"through":[45],"sub-scale":[46],"deployment":[47,284],"test":[52,119,209,293],"models":[53],"response":[56,78,98,130,135,186,232,238,257,277],"explore":[60],"prior":[62],"full-scale":[64],"implementation.":[65],"Contrary":[66],"claims,":[69],"this":[70,151,180],"could":[71,223],"provide":[72],"meaningful":[73],"tests":[74,222],"climate's":[77,129],"within":[81],"decade.":[83],"use":[85],"idealized":[86],"simulations":[87],"with":[88,158,190],"HadCM3L":[90],"general":[91],"circulation":[92],"model":[93],"(GCM)":[94],"estimate":[96],"signal-to-noise":[102],"ratio":[103,270],"for":[104],"global-scale":[105],"tests,":[108],"quantify":[110],"trade-offs":[112],"between":[113],"duration":[114],"intensity":[116],"it's":[121,202],"ability":[122],"make":[124],"quantitative":[125],"measurements":[126],"forcing.":[133],"The":[134],"at":[136,168],"long":[137,169],"time-scales":[138,170],"would":[139],"need":[140],"extrapolated":[143],"from":[144,280,287,302],"results":[145,279],"measured":[146],"by":[147,175],"short-term":[149],"test;":[150],"can":[152,171],"help":[153],"uncertainty":[156],"associated":[157],"relatively":[159],"rapid":[160],"feedbacks,":[162],"uncertainties":[164],"that":[165,210,268,278,288,295],"only":[166],"manifest":[167],"never":[172],"resolved":[174],"such":[176],"test.":[178],"With":[179],"important":[181],"caveat,":[182],"transient":[184],"may":[187],"bounded":[189],"90%":[191],"confidence":[192],"no":[195],"more":[196],"than":[197,201],"1.5":[198],"\u00b0C":[199],"higher":[200],"estimated":[203],"value,":[204],"in":[205],"single":[207],"decade":[208],"roughly":[212],"1/10th":[213],"perturbation":[217],"CO2-doubling.":[220],"However,":[221],"require":[224],"several":[225],"decades":[226],"or":[227,294],"longer":[228],"obtain":[230],"accurate":[231],"estimates,":[233],"particularly":[234],"understand":[236],"regional":[240],"hydrological":[241,273],"fields":[242],"which":[243,296],"critical":[245],"uncertainties.":[246],"Some":[247],"fields,":[248],"like":[249],"precipitation":[250],"over":[251],"land,":[252],"have":[253],"large":[255,303],"short":[259],"period":[260],"slowly-varying":[264],"changes.":[265],"This":[266],"implies":[267],"temperature":[276],"sustained":[282],"will":[285],"differ":[286],"either":[290],"short-duration":[292],"has":[297],"been":[298],"observed":[299],"result":[301],"volcanic":[304],"eruptions.":[305]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
