{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2040976704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7698","title":"Racial Differences in the Prevalence of Diabetes but Not Diabetic Retinopathy in a Multi-ethnic Asian Population","display_name":"Racial Differences in the Prevalence of Diabetes but Not Diabetic Retinopathy in a Multi-ethnic Asian Population","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2040976704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7698","mag":"2040976704","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21862647"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76304953","display_name":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science","issn_l":"0146-0404","issn":["0146-0404","1552-5783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321950","host_organization_name":"Cadmus Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321950"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cadmus Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Investigative Opthalmology &amp; Visual Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110261262","display_name":"Peggy PC Chiang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799299286","display_name":"Singapore National Eye Center","ror":"https://ror.org/029nvrb94","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116917","display_name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02crz6e12","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126319","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peggy P. C. Chiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; the 2DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore;","the DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; the 2DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I2799299286","https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034976410","display_name":"Ecosse Luc Lamoureux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8674-5705","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8674-5705"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799299286","display_name":"Singapore National Eye Center","ror":"https://ror.org/029nvrb94","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105949","display_name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01sqdef20","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116917","display_name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02crz6e12","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]}],"countries":["AU","SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ecosse L. Lamoureux","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; the 3Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;","the Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; the 3Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I2799299286","https://openalex.org/I4210105949","https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105949"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084913828","display_name":"Carol Yim-lui Cheung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-859X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-859X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799299286","display_name":"Singapore National Eye Center","ror":"https://ror.org/029nvrb94","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116917","display_name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02crz6e12","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126319","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carol Y. Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; the 2DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore;","the DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; the 2DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I2799299286","https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010771830","display_name":"Charumathi Sabanayagam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-4719","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-4719"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charumathi Sabanayagam","raw_affiliation_strings":["the Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wanling Wong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799299286","display_name":"Singapore National Eye Center","ror":"https://ror.org/029nvrb94","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116917","display_name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02crz6e12","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wanling Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286","https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049068947","display_name":"E Shyong Tai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-8966","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-8966"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150261","display_name":"National University Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/05tjjsh18","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I4210150261"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"E. Shyong Tai","raw_affiliation_strings":["the University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"the University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150261"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107840383","display_name":"Jeannette Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeannette Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072258594","display_name":"Tien Yin Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-1264","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-1264"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799299286","display_name":"Singapore National Eye Center","ror":"https://ror.org/029nvrb94","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105949","display_name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01sqdef20","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116917","display_name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02crz6e12","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150261","display_name":"National University Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/05tjjsh18","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I4210150261"]}],"countries":["AU","SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tien Y. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; the 3Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; the 5University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Sing","the Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia","the University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; the 3Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; the 5University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Sing","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I2799299286","https://openalex.org/I4210105949","https://openalex.org/I4210116917","https://openalex.org/I4210150261"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105949"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150261"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010771830","https://openalex.org/A5034976410","https://openalex.org/A5049068947","https://openalex.org/A5072258594","https://openalex.org/A5084913828","https://openalex.org/A5107840383","https://openalex.org/A5110261262"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938","https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I2799299286","https://openalex.org/I4210105949","https://openalex.org/I4210116917","https://openalex.org/I4210126319","https://openalex.org/I4210150261"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.991,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89839022,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"10","first_page":"7586","last_page":"7586"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.005200000014156103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-prevalence","display_name":"diabetes prevalence","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-differences","display_name":"racial differences","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-groups","display_name":"ethnic groups","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese","display_name":"Chinese","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malay-language","display_name":"Malay language","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indians","display_name":"Indians","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singapore","display_name":"Singapore","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-duration","display_name":"diabetes duration","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hba1c","display_name":"HbA1c","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serum-creatinine","display_name":"serum creatinine","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiethnic-population","display_name":"multi-ethnic population","score":0.8610000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8711467981338501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.783184826374054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7503252029418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.6886849403381348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777538456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311213","display_name":"Glycated hemoglobin","level":4,"score":0.6809256076812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.6062692403793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5561457872390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5475158095359802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.4663715958595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.45574238896369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4458933174610138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.43514376878738403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.2056528925895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.20518076419830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.05291402339935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003404","descriptor_name":"Creatinine","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006442","descriptor_name":"Glycated Hemoglobin","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012846","descriptor_name":"Singapore","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044466","descriptor_name":"Asian People","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76304953","display_name":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science","issn_l":"0146-0404","issn":["0146-0404","1552-5783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321950","host_organization_name":"Cadmus Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321950"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cadmus Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Investigative Opthalmology &amp; Visual Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21862647","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21862647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/53482","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/53482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22189248","https://openalex.org/W755801686","https://openalex.org/W1535983901","https://openalex.org/W1803971831","https://openalex.org/W1973239427","https://openalex.org/W1975032911","https://openalex.org/W1979162551","https://openalex.org/W1981209215","https://openalex.org/W1983276547","https://openalex.org/W1983517309","https://openalex.org/W1984703824","https://openalex.org/W1988629934","https://openalex.org/W2000354430","https://openalex.org/W2010456451","https://openalex.org/W2011346458","https://openalex.org/W2021449491","https://openalex.org/W2029580689","https://openalex.org/W2032687008","https://openalex.org/W2042363066","https://openalex.org/W2043215497","https://openalex.org/W2048003486","https://openalex.org/W2049036672","https://openalex.org/W2049324917","https://openalex.org/W2056919254","https://openalex.org/W2079912239","https://openalex.org/W2089198139","https://openalex.org/W2091346218","https://openalex.org/W2101697308","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2111279044","https://openalex.org/W2121423505","https://openalex.org/W2125471627","https://openalex.org/W2134244716","https://openalex.org/W2146622197","https://openalex.org/W2147381767","https://openalex.org/W2148477686","https://openalex.org/W2149801690","https://openalex.org/W2155188614","https://openalex.org/W2161086857","https://openalex.org/W2165680684","https://openalex.org/W2166370747","https://openalex.org/W2170378756","https://openalex.org/W2171345927","https://openalex.org/W2199339317","https://openalex.org/W2216600199","https://openalex.org/W2317200002","https://openalex.org/W2337454357","https://openalex.org/W2769264260","https://openalex.org/W3134431802","https://openalex.org/W3198570063"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2775741568","https://openalex.org/W2051376181","https://openalex.org/W7099698416","https://openalex.org/W2199339317","https://openalex.org/W3210504075","https://openalex.org/W7099779474","https://openalex.org/W2148477686","https://openalex.org/W2021449491","https://openalex.org/W2049324917","https://openalex.org/W7097888301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"To":[1],"compare":[2],"the":[3,65,118,181,188,215,226,243,264],"prevalence":[4,96,121,227,265],"and":[5,11,23,50,87,105,128,133,168,233,253],"risk":[6,183,208,237],"factors":[7,184,209,238],"of":[8,20,30,41,89,97,122,185,206,228,239,266],"diabetes":[9,98,114,143,229,249],"(DM)":[10],"diabetic":[12],"retinopathy":[13],"(DR)":[14],"in":[15,25,34,39,130,187,225,263],"a":[16,35,222],"multi-ethnic":[17],"Asian":[18],"population":[19],"Chinese,":[21,131,231],"Malays,":[22,103,132,232],"Indians":[24,51],"Singapore.":[26],"METHODS:":[27],"A":[28],"total":[29],"2919":[31],"individuals":[32],"participated":[33],"population-based,":[36],"cross-sectional":[37],"study":[38],"Singapore":[40],"Chinese":[42],"(n":[43,47,52,115],"=":[44,48,53,116,137],"1633),":[45],"Malays":[46],"658),":[49],"628)":[54],"aged":[55],"40":[56],"to":[57,195],"95":[58],"years,":[59],"with":[60,113,198,210,270],"retinal":[61],"photographs,":[62],"graded":[63],"using":[64],"Early":[66],"Treatment":[67],"Diabetic":[68],"Retinopathy":[69],"Study":[70],"(ETDRS)":[71],"severity":[72],"scale.":[73],"DM":[74],"was":[75,99,124,192,221],"defined":[76],"as":[77],"fasting":[78],"plasma":[79],"glucose":[80],"\u2265":[81],"7":[82],"mmol/L,":[83],"self-reported":[84],"physician-diagnosed":[85],"diabetes,":[86],"use":[88],"glucose-lowering":[90],"medication.":[91],"RESULTS:":[92],"The":[93,204,235],"overall":[94,119],"age-standardized":[95,120],"13.8%":[100],"(Chinese,":[101],"11.5%;":[102],"17.1%;":[104],"Indians,":[106,134],"21.6%;":[107],"P":[108,136],"<":[109],"0.0001).":[110],"Among":[111],"persons":[112,269],"401),":[117],"DR":[123,186,199,211,267],"25.4%":[125],"(20.1%,":[126],"24.8%,":[127],"28.9%":[129],"respectively;":[135],"0.290).":[138],"In":[139],"multivariate":[140],"analysis,":[141],"longer":[142,248],"duration":[144],"(odds":[145],"ratio":[146],"[OR],":[147],"1.05;":[148],"95%":[149,162,174],"confidence":[150],"interval":[151],"[CI],":[152],"1.01-1.09,":[153],"per":[154,165,177],"year":[155],"increase),":[156,167],"higher":[157,251,254],"glycated":[158],"hemoglobin":[159],"(OR":[160],"1.25;":[161],"CI,":[163,175,202],"1.01-1.54,":[164],"1%":[166],"serum":[169],"creatinine":[170,255],"levels":[171],"(OR,":[172,200],"1.01;":[173],"1.00-1.03,":[176],"mg/dL":[178],"increase)":[179],"were":[180,212,261],"independent":[182],"whole":[189],"population.":[190],"Race":[191],"not":[193],"found":[194,262],"be":[196],"associated":[197],"1.35;":[201],"1.00-1.83).":[203],"associations":[205],"major":[207],"similar":[213,241],"among":[214,242,268],"three":[216,244],"ethnic":[217,245],"groups.":[218],"CONCLUSIONS:":[219],"There":[220],"significant":[223,258],"difference":[224],"between":[230],"Indians.":[234],"main":[236],"DR,":[240],"groups,":[246],"are":[247],"duration,":[250],"hbA1c,":[252],"levels.":[256],"No":[257],"racial":[259],"differences":[260],"diabetes.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
