{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2040925003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299204500216","title":"Ballot Propositions and Information Costs: Direct Democracy and the Fatigued Voter","display_name":"Ballot Propositions and Information Costs: Direct Democracy and the Fatigued Voter","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2040925003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299204500216","mag":"2040925003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/106591299204500216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299204500216","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299204500216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233090","display_name":"The Western Political Quarterly","issn_l":"0043-4078","issn":["0043-4078","2325-8675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316035","host_organization_name":"University of Utah Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316035"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Utah Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Western Political Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031739800","display_name":"Shaun Bowler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0739-6090","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0739-6090"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaun Bowler","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Riverside"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Riverside","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038054956","display_name":"Todd Donovan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6098-5161","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6098-5161"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd Donovan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Riverside"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Riverside","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069873144","display_name":"Trudi Happ","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trudi Happ","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Riverside"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Riverside","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6588,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":112,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95188219,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"2","first_page":"559","last_page":"559"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10991","display_name":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13291","display_name":"Political Theory and Democracy","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ballot-propositions","display_name":"ballot propositions","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-costs","display_name":"information costs","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-democracy","display_name":"direct democracy","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voter-fatigue","display_name":"voter fatigue","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-of-voting","display_name":"voting costs","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preferential-voting","display_name":"preferential voting","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voter-dissatisfaction","display_name":"voter dissatisfaction","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voter-turnout","display_name":"voter turnout","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/california-elections","display_name":"California elections","score":0.46299999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777094542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905151","display_name":"Ballot","level":4,"score":0.9576072692871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.6662809252738953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779838221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7856080","display_name":"Turnout","level":4,"score":0.5388175845146179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5167326331138611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776949292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471855","display_name":"Jurisdiction","level":2,"score":0.4984903335571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.49507012963294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.46577852964401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.43260079622268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.42106425762176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.41541221737861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3354990482330322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.331256628036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.32743996381759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.24796253442764282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.23137381672859192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.22139492630958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10800939798355103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/106591299204500216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299204500216","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299204500216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233090","display_name":"The Western Political Quarterly","issn_l":"0043-4078","issn":["0043-4078","2325-8675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316035","host_organization_name":"University of Utah Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316035"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Utah Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Western Political Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2307/448727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/448727","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/448727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233090","display_name":"The Western Political Quarterly","issn_l":"0043-4078","issn":["0043-4078","2325-8675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316035","host_organization_name":"University of Utah Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316035"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Utah Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Western Political Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5473999977111816,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W600678708","https://openalex.org/W1607460689","https://openalex.org/W1977825494","https://openalex.org/W2017247623","https://openalex.org/W2054513383","https://openalex.org/W2067449176","https://openalex.org/W2118218092","https://openalex.org/W2130130661","https://openalex.org/W2166030675","https://openalex.org/W2322183461","https://openalex.org/W2327787124","https://openalex.org/W2329648039","https://openalex.org/W4243375123","https://openalex.org/W4319780083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7139035867","https://openalex.org/W311866500","https://openalex.org/W2765974682","https://openalex.org/W2916893145","https://openalex.org/W4401366835","https://openalex.org/W2137524029","https://openalex.org/W2186306761","https://openalex.org/W2936114132","https://openalex.org/W7100511424","https://openalex.org/W7133295156"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Here":[0],"b":[1,34],"denotes":[2],"the":[3,11,17,21,38,46,97,100,114,168,170,266,269,277],"benefit":[4],"from":[5,206],"having":[6],"your":[7,14],".candidate":[8],"win,":[9],"p":[10],"probability":[12],"of":[13,23,42,45,61,71,80,102,116,132,139,161,189,196,219,263,268],"vote":[15],"deciding":[16],"outcome,":[18],"and":[19,28,35,50,64,145,179],"c":[20,36,75],"costs":[22,81,101,115],"voting":[24,98],"(Downs":[25],"1957).":[26],"By":[27],"large":[29,159],"this":[30,72,215],"formulation":[31],"has":[32,94],"considered":[33],"at":[37,96,199],"systemic":[39],"level;":[40],"ease":[41],"registration,":[43],"competitiveness":[44],"election,":[47],"literacy":[48],"requirements":[49],"many":[51,229,240,251],"similar":[52],"factors":[53],"have":[54],"all":[55,84,130],"been":[56],"used":[57],"to":[58,77,109,113,120,185],"assess":[59],"levels":[60],"turnout":[62],"(Rosenstone":[63],"Wolfinger":[65],"1978;":[66],"Powell":[67],"1980).":[68],"In":[69],"terms":[70],"literature,":[73],"then,":[74],"refers":[76],"a":[78,87,92,105,147,158,186,261],"set":[79],"imposed":[82],"on":[83,167],"voters":[85,140,173,210,220],"within":[86],"given":[88],"political":[89],"jurisdiction.":[90],"Once":[91],"voter":[93],"arrived":[95],"booth":[99],"actually":[103,117],"marking":[104,146],"ballot":[106],"would":[107],"seem":[108],"be":[110,204],"trivial":[111],"relative":[112],"turning":[118,143],"out":[119,144],"vote.":[121],"This":[122],"last":[123],"point,":[124],"however,":[125],"is":[126,282],"not":[127],"true":[128],"for":[129,150,181],"types":[131],"ballot.":[133],"Many":[134],"ballots":[135],"require":[136],"much":[137],"more":[138],"than":[141],"simply":[142],"single":[148],"preference":[149],"one":[151],"office.":[152],"Under":[153],"preferential":[154],"systems":[155],"or":[156,242],"where":[157],"number":[160],"elective":[162,190],"offices":[163],"and/or":[164],"propositions":[165,198,226,241],"are":[166,174],"ballot,":[169],"decisions":[171],"facing":[172],"quite":[175],"complex.":[176],"Between":[177],"1974":[178],"1988,":[180],"example,":[182],"in":[183,265],"addition":[184],"wide":[187],"range":[188],"offices,":[191],"Californians":[192],"faced":[193],"an":[194],"average":[195],"13":[197],"each":[200],"election.":[201],"As":[202],"can":[203,285],"seen":[205],"Figure":[207],"1,":[208],"California's":[209],"express":[211],"some":[212],"dissatisfaction":[213],"with":[214],"process.":[216],"Nearly":[217],"one-third":[218],"gave":[221],"responses":[222,258],"which":[223,234,259],"suggested":[224],"that":[225,236,243,249,273],"made":[227],"too":[228,239,246,250],"demands":[230,252],"upon":[231],"them.":[232],"Responses":[233],"noted":[235],"there":[237],"were":[238,245,253],"they":[244],"confusing":[247],"(i.e.,":[248],"being":[254],"made)":[255],"far":[256],"outweighed":[257],"expressed":[260],"lack":[262],"faith":[264],"efficacy":[267],"proposition":[270],"process":[271],"(e.g.":[272],"special":[274],"interests":[275],"dominate":[276],"process).":[278],"The":[279],"question":[280],"here":[281],"whether":[283],"we":[284],"represent":[286],"such":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}