{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2040764296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087499004057","title":"A promising pioneer profession? Women in industrial chemistry in inter-war Britain","display_name":"A promising pioneer profession? Women in industrial chemistry in inter-war Britain","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2040764296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087499004057","mag":"2040764296","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11624667"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0007087499004057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087499004057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087499004057","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/EFE7672D5BAF111A9243465BCF6D403F/S0007087499004057a.pdf/div-class-title-a-promising-pioneer-profession-women-in-industrial-chemistry-in-inter-war-britain-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70812101","display_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","issn_l":"0007-0874","issn":["0007-0874","1474-001X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/EFE7672D5BAF111A9243465BCF6D403F/S0007087499004057a.pdf/div-class-title-a-promising-pioneer-profession-women-in-industrial-chemistry-in-inter-war-britain-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007421239","display_name":"Sally M. Horrocks","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"SALLY M. HORROCKS","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economic and Social History, University of Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","Department of Economic and Social History, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economic and Social History, University of Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economic and Social History, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007421239"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3884,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90550966,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"3","first_page":"351","last_page":"367"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.7085000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.7085000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13332","display_name":"Historical Studies on Reproduction, Gender, Health, and Societal Changes","score":0.1251000016927719,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12275","display_name":"Gender and Feminist Studies","score":0.019099999219179153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-in-chemistry","display_name":"women in chemistry","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-chemistry","display_name":"industrial chemistry","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-chemists","display_name":"women chemists","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interwar-britain","display_name":"interwar Britain","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-assistants","display_name":"laboratory assistants","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-employment","display_name":"women's employment","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-and-science","display_name":"gender and science","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/career-development","display_name":"career development","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-industry","display_name":"food industry","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-industry","display_name":"pharmaceutical industry","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmetics-industry","display_name":"cosmetics industry","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/textile-industry","display_name":"textile industry","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photography-industry","display_name":"photographic industry","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-occupations","display_name":"women's occupations","score":0.3179999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98147612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215599","display_name":"Promotion (chess)","level":3,"score":0.6517945528030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5656853914260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137355542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362","display_name":"World War II","level":2,"score":0.430327832698822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.37218961119651794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.36312800645828247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3582618534564972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2621616721153259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.21060818433761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.1274871528148651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1273972988128662}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002617","descriptor_name":"Chemical Industry","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002621","descriptor_name":"Chemistry","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004345","descriptor_name":"Drug Industry","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011364","descriptor_name":"Professional Practice","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014931","descriptor_name":"Women, Working","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019649","descriptor_name":"Food Industry","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0007087499004057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087499004057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087499004057","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/EFE7672D5BAF111A9243465BCF6D403F/S0007087499004057a.pdf/div-class-title-a-promising-pioneer-profession-women-in-industrial-chemistry-in-inter-war-britain-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70812101","display_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","issn_l":"0007-0874","issn":["0007-0874","1474-001X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11624667","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11624667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British journal for the history of science","raw_type":"Historical Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lra.le.ac.uk:2381/21343","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2381/21343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402365","display_name":"Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","host_organization_name":"University of Leicester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Web of Science","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0007087499004057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087499004057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087499004057","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/EFE7672D5BAF111A9243465BCF6D403F/S0007087499004057a.pdf/div-class-title-a-promising-pioneer-profession-women-in-industrial-chemistry-in-inter-war-britain-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70812101","display_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","issn_l":"0007-0874","issn":["0007-0874","1474-001X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.9444000124931335,"display_name":"Gender equality"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.9211000204086304,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2040764296.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2040764296.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4235632924"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986385363","https://openalex.org/W1971515098","https://openalex.org/W2560977428","https://openalex.org/W2076846820","https://openalex.org/W2562312597","https://openalex.org/W1991179812","https://openalex.org/W4245264789","https://openalex.org/W4318372882","https://openalex.org/W2752828256","https://openalex.org/W2388502122"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"the":[1,8,22,40,46,78,129,151],"inter-war":[2],"years":[3],"women":[4,53,62,81,223,235],"found":[5],"employment":[6],"for":[7,52,91,120,208],"first":[9],"time":[10],"in":[11,21,215,240],"some":[12,170],"of":[13,18,34,48,80,88,131,153,160,166,171,175,222,249],"Britain's":[14],"industrial":[15,83],"laboratories,":[16],"most":[17],"them":[19],"concentrated":[20],"food,":[23,229],"pharmaceuticals,":[24],"cosmetics,":[25],"textiles":[26],"and":[27,39,54,66,113,115,147,186,206,213,231,242],"photographic":[28],"industries.":[29],"Drawing":[30],"on":[31],"a":[32,158,164,201,219],"range":[33],"sources,":[35],"including":[36],"company":[37],"archives":[38],"technical":[41],"press,":[42],"this":[43],"paper":[44],"examines":[45],"emergence":[47],"these":[49],"new":[50],"positions":[51,148,192],"considers":[55],"their":[56,89],"workplace":[57],"experiences,":[58],"looking":[59],"both":[60],"at":[61,67],"with":[63],"higher-level":[64],"qualifications":[65],"those":[68,216],"who":[69,178],"worked":[70],"as":[71,99,107,197,199,228],"laboratory":[72,180],"assistants.":[73],"It":[74],"argues":[75],"that":[76,137],"although":[77],"entry":[79],"into":[82],"chemistry":[84],"represented":[85],"an":[86],"extension":[87],"opportunities":[90,119],"scientific":[92],"work,":[93,133],"they":[94,183,194],"tended":[95],"to":[96,102,110,116,126,135,141,191],"be":[97,142],"employed":[98,225],"\u2018women":[100],"chemists\u2019":[101],"undertake":[103],"routine":[104],"tasks":[105],"seen":[106],"especially":[108],"suited":[109],"feminine":[111],"skills":[112],"expertise":[114],"have":[117,127],"few":[118],"promotion.":[121],"Their":[122],"presence":[123],"also":[124],"appears":[125],"changed":[128],"nature":[130],"men's":[132],"helping":[134],"ensure":[136],"men":[138],"could":[139],"continue":[140],"offered":[143],"more":[144],"challenging":[145],"work":[146],"which":[149,163,172],"retained":[150],"possibility":[152],"career":[154],"advancement.":[155],"There":[156],"are":[157,184,224,236],"number":[159,221],"miscellaneous":[161],"jobs":[162],"girl":[165],"16":[167],"can":[168,189],"secure,":[169],"give":[173],"chances":[174],"rising.":[176],"Girls":[177],"become":[179],"assistants,":[181],"if":[182],"intelligent":[185],"hard":[187],"working,":[188],"rise":[190],"where":[193,218],"will":[195],"earn":[196],"much":[198],"\u00a33":[200],"week\u2026":[202],"R.":[203,245],"Strachey,":[204],"Careers":[205],"Opportunities":[207],"Women":[209],"(1934)":[210],"In":[211],"industry,":[212],"particularly":[214],"industries":[217],"large":[220],"\u2013":[226,234],"such":[227],"margarine":[230],"jam":[232],"factories":[233],"not":[237],"infrequently":[238],"engaged":[239],"analytical":[241],"research":[243],"laboratories\u2026":[244],"Pilcher,":[246],"The":[247],"Profession":[248],"Chemistry":[250],"(3rd":[251],"edn.,":[252],"1935)":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
