{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2040447635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/381575","title":"The 1998 May 2-3 Magnetic Cloud: An Interplanetary \"Highway\" for Solar Energetic Particles Observed with SOHO /ERNE","display_name":"The 1998 May 2-3 Magnetic Cloud: An Interplanetary \"Highway\" for Solar Energetic Particles Observed with SOHO /ERNE","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2040447635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/381575","mag":"2040447635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/381575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/381575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/381575","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/381575/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/381575/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104561492","display_name":"Jarmo J. Torsti","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jarmo Torsti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and the V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 Institute for Space Physics and Astronomy, Turku University, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and the V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 Institute for Space Physics and Astronomy, Turku University, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015457584","display_name":"Esa Riihonen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esa Riihonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and the V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 Institute for Space Physics and Astronomy, Turku University, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and the V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 Institute for Space Physics and Astronomy, Turku University, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043489156","display_name":"Leon G. Kocharov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2077-5618","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2077-5618"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon Kocharov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and the V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 Institute for Space Physics and Astronomy, Turku University, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and the V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 Institute for Space Physics and Astronomy, Turku University, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1769,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87277795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"600","issue":"1","first_page":"L83","last_page":"L86"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-energetic-particles","display_name":"solar energetic particles","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-clouds","display_name":"magnetic clouds","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronal-mass-ejections","display_name":"coronal mass ejections","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interplanetary-transport","display_name":"interplanetary transport","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-flux-ropes","display_name":"magnetic flux ropes","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-flux-tubes","display_name":"magnetic flux tubes","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-energy-protons","display_name":"high-energy protons","score":0.4819999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.904782772064209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128277356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6731527","display_name":"Magnetic cloud","level":5,"score":0.795135498046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72886185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129890","display_name":"Coronal mass ejection","level":4,"score":0.7859635353088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13019657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6144418","display_name":"Solar energetic particles","level":5,"score":0.6151273846626282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.562677800655365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54516573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294","display_name":"Proton","level":2,"score":0.5302255749702454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194462397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q834235","display_name":"Interplanetary spaceflight","level":4,"score":0.49636703729629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.4900616407394409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185001636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119830","display_name":"Solar flare","level":2,"score":0.47212132811546326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.444333553314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779588948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628261","display_name":"Flare","level":2,"score":0.4225504994392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.4044116735458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108411613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79833","display_name":"Solar wind","level":3,"score":0.35839253664016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.29574650526046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.2006547749042511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/381575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/381575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/381575","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/381575/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/381575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/381575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/381575","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/381575/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2040447635.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2040447635.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W247941749","https://openalex.org/W1970572701","https://openalex.org/W1971005720","https://openalex.org/W1992801383","https://openalex.org/W1994560873","https://openalex.org/W2004563677","https://openalex.org/W2027537911","https://openalex.org/W2030204694","https://openalex.org/W2076386844","https://openalex.org/W2077529393","https://openalex.org/W2123787063","https://openalex.org/W4249190780"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2114291209","https://openalex.org/W1647786355","https://openalex.org/W4248569618","https://openalex.org/W1530591731","https://openalex.org/W3106080295","https://openalex.org/W608876882","https://openalex.org/W1978701658","https://openalex.org/W2023848540","https://openalex.org/W1967750704","https://openalex.org/W2054916010"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"the":[1,11,22,29,56,82,87,100,105,114,122,127,159,182,185,212,215,220,226,231],"Energetic":[2],"and":[3,6,13,228],"Relativistic":[4],"Nuclei":[5],"Electron":[7],"(ERNE)":[8],"instrument":[9,71],"on":[10,96],"Solar":[12],"Heliospheric":[14],"Observatory":[15],"(":[16],"SOHO":[17,39,57],"),":[18],"we":[19],"have":[20],"measured":[21],"17-22":[23],"MeV":[24],"proton":[25,101,160,186],"flux":[26,190],"anisotropy":[27],"during":[28],"1998":[30,97],"May":[31,98],"2-3":[32],"solar":[33,135],"energetic":[34,136],"particle":[35,61,150],"(SEP)":[36],"event,":[37,187],"when":[38],"was":[40,108,155,164,191],"inside":[41],"a":[42,47,69,130,139,188,199],"magnetic":[43,106,123,201],"cloud":[44],"associated":[45],"with":[46,63,138,175],"previous":[48],"coronal":[49],"mass":[50],"ejection":[51],"(CME).":[52],"The":[53,117,149,194],"ability":[54],"of":[55,81,86,126,134,144,184,214,222,230],"/ERNE":[58],"to":[59,104,157,166],"measure":[60,158],"fluxes":[62],"high":[64],"angular":[65,161],"resolution":[66],"makes":[67],"it":[68,170],"unique":[70],"for":[72,132,225],"observing":[73],"SEPs":[74],"under":[75],"weak":[76],"scattering":[77],"conditions.":[78],"During":[79],"most":[80],"first":[83],"4":[84],"hr":[85],"SEP":[88],"event":[89],"that":[90,121,169],"started":[91],"shortly":[92],"after":[93,181],"14":[94],"UT":[95],"2,":[99],"intensity":[102],"parallel":[103,140],"field":[107],"~1000":[109],"times":[110],"higher":[111],"than":[112,210],"in":[113,203,211],"perpendicular":[115],"direction.":[116],"ERNE":[118,195],"observations":[119],"indicate":[120],"flux-rope":[124],"structure":[125,229],"CME":[128],"provides":[129],"\"highway\"":[131],"transport":[133],"protons":[137,205],"mean":[141],"free":[142],"path":[143],"at":[145],"least":[146],"10":[147],"AU.":[148],"telescope":[151],"ERNE/High":[152],"Energy":[153],"Detector":[154],"able":[156],"distribution,":[162],"which":[163,204],"narrow":[165,200],"an":[167],"extent":[168],"could":[171],"not":[172],"be":[173],"resolved":[174],"other":[176],"instruments.":[177],"Within":[178],"30-45":[179],"minutes":[180],"onset":[183],"counterstreaming":[189],"also":[192,197],"identified.":[193],"data":[196],"revealed":[198],"tube":[202],"were":[206],"much":[207],"less":[208],"anisotropic":[209],"rest":[213],"rope.":[216],"We":[217],"briefly":[218],"discuss":[219],"implications":[221],"these":[223],"findings":[224],"origin":[227],"CME.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
