{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2040378787","doi":null,"title":"Prevalence and risk factors for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the Republic of Georgia: a population-based study.","display_name":"Prevalence and risk factors for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the Republic of Georgia: a population-based study.","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2040378787","mag":"2040378787","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19105881","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2645031"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:19105881","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19105881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2645031","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032948406","display_name":"Nino Lomtadze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8064-1956","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8064-1956","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4422-0676"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119843","display_name":"National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","ror":"https://ror.org/02kf03x09","country_code":"GE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119843"]}],"countries":["GE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N Lomtadze","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases/National Tuberculosis Programme, Tbilisi, Georgia. nlomtadze@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases/National Tuberculosis Programme, Tbilisi, Georgia. nlomtadze@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020848717","display_name":"Rusudan Aspindzelashvili","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Aspindzelashvili","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015467438","display_name":"Marina Janjgava","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Janjgava","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082705000","display_name":"Veriko Mirtskhulava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7394-4876","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7394-4876"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V Mirtskhulava","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"A Wright","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081256249","display_name":"Henry M. Blumberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3110-2443","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3110-2443"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H M Blumberg","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018916517","display_name":"Archil Salakaia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Salakaia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6114,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":117,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95880113,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"68","last_page":"73"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13586","display_name":"HIV, TB, and STIs Epidemiology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis","display_name":"multidrug-resistant tuberculosis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-resistant-tuberculosis","display_name":"drug-resistant tuberculosis","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/previously-treated-tuberculosis","display_name":"previously treated tuberculosis","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isoniazid-resistance","display_name":"isoniazid resistance","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rifampicin-resistance","display_name":"rifampicin resistance","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulmonary-tuberculosis","display_name":"pulmonary tuberculosis","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/georgia","display_name":"Georgia","score":0.4180000126361847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9342043995857239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29456083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899","display_name":"Gynecology","level":1,"score":0.6957534551620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.6110789775848389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.41383546590805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.07225316762924194}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005846","descriptor_name":"Georgia (Republic)","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012008","descriptor_name":"Recurrence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018088","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:19105881","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19105881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2645031","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2645031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"mag:2040378787","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19105881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2645031","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2645031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G593988659","display_name":"Emory AIDS International Training and Research Program","funder_award_id":"D43TW001042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337356","funder_display_name":"Fogarty International Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000921060","display_name":"Emory-Georgia TB Research Training Program","funder_award_id":"D43TW007124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337356","funder_display_name":"Fogarty International Center"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337356","display_name":"Fogarty International Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02xey9a22"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W53011334","https://openalex.org/W312571752","https://openalex.org/W2094766703","https://openalex.org/W2094785626","https://openalex.org/W2106683058","https://openalex.org/W2116719628","https://openalex.org/W2130718830","https://openalex.org/W2136510992","https://openalex.org/W2307722417","https://openalex.org/W2315232969","https://openalex.org/W2410304702","https://openalex.org/W2413263010","https://openalex.org/W2415932304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2345419290","https://openalex.org/W2094785626","https://openalex.org/W70832381","https://openalex.org/W2056780042","https://openalex.org/W2602166949","https://openalex.org/W4387570493","https://openalex.org/W2540732117","https://openalex.org/W1567189669","https://openalex.org/W2601973694","https://openalex.org/W6888460885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SETTING:":[0],"Multidrug-resistant":[1],"tuberculosis":[2,75],"(MDR-TB,":[3],"defined":[4],"as":[5,15,167],"resistance":[6,95],"to":[7,96,119,180,183,193],"at":[8,97],"least":[9,98],"isoniazid":[10],"and":[11,44,61,72,83,102,145,192],"rifampicin)":[12],"has":[13,35,165],"emerged":[14,166],"a":[16,168],"serious":[17],"global":[18],"public":[19,170],"health":[20,171],"problem,":[21],"especially":[22],"in":[23,33,49,173],"the":[24,31,42,156,185],"former":[25],"Soviet":[26],"republics.":[27],"The":[28],"extent":[29],"of":[30,158,187,190],"problem":[32,172],"Georgia":[34],"been":[36,87,110],"incompletely":[37],"defined.":[38],"OBJECTIVE:":[39],"To":[40],"determine":[41],"prevalence":[43],"risk":[45,153],"factors":[46,154],"for":[47,113,155],"MDR-TB":[48,121,191],"Georgia.":[50,174],"DESIGN:":[51],"A":[52],"population-based":[53],"study":[54],"was":[55],"carried":[56],"out":[57],"between":[58],"July":[59],"2005":[60],"May":[62],"2006.":[63],"RESULTS:":[64],"Of":[65],"1314":[66],"patients":[67,82,93,125,196],"with":[68,197],"acid-fast":[69],"bacilli":[70],"smear-":[71],"culture-positive":[73],"pulmonary":[74],"(TB),":[76],"799":[77],"(60.8%)":[78],"were":[79,115,151],"newly":[80,123],"diagnosed":[81,124],"515":[84],"(39.2%)":[85],"had":[86,94,105,109],"treated":[88,111],"previously.":[89],"Overall,":[90],"733":[91],"(56%)":[92],"one":[99],"anti-tuberculosis":[100],"drug":[101],"195":[103],"(15%)":[104],"MDR-TB.":[106,159,198],"Patients":[107],"who":[108],"previously":[112],"TB":[114,139,176],"significantly":[116],"more":[117],"likely":[118],"have":[120],"than":[122],"(141/515":[126],"[27.4%]":[127],"vs.":[128],"54/794":[129],"[6.8%],":[130],"OR":[131],"5.27,":[132],"95%CI":[133,143,149],"3.75-7.41).":[134],"In":[135],"multivariate":[136],"analysis,":[137],"previous":[138],"treatment":[140],"(aOR":[141],"5.47,":[142],"3.87-7.74)":[144],"female":[146],"sex":[147],"(aOR1.58,":[148],"1.02-2.32)":[150],"independent":[152],"presence":[157],"CONCLUSIONS:":[160],"Drug-resistant":[161],"TB,":[162],"including":[163],"MDR-TB,":[164],"major":[169],"Further":[175],"control":[177],"efforts":[178],"need":[179],"be":[181],"implemented":[182],"prevent":[184],"development":[186],"new":[188],"cases":[189],"treat":[194],"existing":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}