{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2040180331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310409374786","title":"The rhetoric of exorcism: George W. Bush and the return of political demonology","display_name":"The rhetoric of exorcism: George W. Bush and the return of political demonology","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2040180331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310409374786","mag":"2040180331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10570310409374786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310409374786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310409374786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93133213","display_name":"Western Journal of Communication","issn_l":"1057-0314","issn":["1057-0314","1745-1027"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Western Journal of Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074068737","display_name":"Joshua Gunn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Gunn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Studies, Louisiana State University, 136 Coates Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803 Phone: 225\u2013578\u20136725 E-mail: jgunn@lsu.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Studies, Louisiana State University, 136 Coates Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803 Phone: 225\u2013578\u20136725 E-mail: jgunn@lsu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074068737"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":56.9613,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99766819,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11982","display_name":"Rhetoric and Communication Studies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11982","display_name":"Rhetoric and Communication Studies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13814","display_name":"Cultural and political discourse analysis","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12119","display_name":"Linguistics and Discourse Analysis","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/george-w-bush","display_name":"George W. Bush","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/september-11-attacks","display_name":"September 11 attacks","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pareidolia","display_name":"pareidolia","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evangelical-protestantism","display_name":"evangelical Protestantism","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-rhetoric","display_name":"political rhetoric","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-discourse","display_name":"political discourse","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-trade-center","display_name":"World Trade Center","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rhetorical-genre-theory","display_name":"rhetorical genre theory","score":0.4860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778509408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323996","display_name":"Demonology","level":2,"score":0.9180128574371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67101536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535910","display_name":"George (robot)","level":2,"score":0.8860447406768799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779139534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172663","display_name":"Exorcism","level":2,"score":0.8462702631950378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1370556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81009","display_name":"Rhetoric","level":2,"score":0.7509007453918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5930967926979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24667770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34187","display_name":"Religious studies","level":1,"score":0.49111101031303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.39148545265197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3253445029258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.306271493434906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2941264510154724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.27411317825317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.2734016180038452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.26419442892074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.11004328727722168}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10570310409374786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310409374786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310409374786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93133213","display_name":"Western Journal of Communication","issn_l":"1057-0314","issn":["1057-0314","1745-1027"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Western Journal of Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7282491","https://openalex.org/W208858406","https://openalex.org/W601020299","https://openalex.org/W623505832","https://openalex.org/W1577170450","https://openalex.org/W1717383561","https://openalex.org/W1970483775","https://openalex.org/W1989038596","https://openalex.org/W1997744985","https://openalex.org/W1997952554","https://openalex.org/W2005025788","https://openalex.org/W2012351631","https://openalex.org/W2013033955","https://openalex.org/W2018108773","https://openalex.org/W2031752409","https://openalex.org/W2037193028","https://openalex.org/W2050727682","https://openalex.org/W2075129649","https://openalex.org/W2081458916","https://openalex.org/W2087239554","https://openalex.org/W2291891469","https://openalex.org/W2315545138","https://openalex.org/W2570527700","https://openalex.org/W2774756355","https://openalex.org/W2973149514","https://openalex.org/W4210282071","https://openalex.org/W4212995957","https://openalex.org/W4232688928","https://openalex.org/W4241896133","https://openalex.org/W4242095165","https://openalex.org/W4242789683","https://openalex.org/W4292910273","https://openalex.org/W4301823306","https://openalex.org/W4388378723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W428081385","https://openalex.org/W76171542","https://openalex.org/W2098216089","https://openalex.org/W3115324322","https://openalex.org/W2071742359","https://openalex.org/W3019917709","https://openalex.org/W2413147301","https://openalex.org/W7097029471","https://openalex.org/W1543036788","https://openalex.org/W2000400392"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"EVER":[0],"SINCE":[1],"THE":[2],"commercial":[3],"airline":[4],"missiles":[5],"destroyed":[6],"New":[7],"York":[8],"City's":[9],"World":[10,119],"Trade":[11,120],"Center":[12,121],"on":[13,285,434],"9/11/01,":[14],"images":[15],"of":[16,39,46,51,105,117,140,166,174,201,218,224,229,245,255,262,271,274,289,294,311,320,329,370,381,405,441,464,478,484,492,512,588,598,604,609,616,619],"violence":[17,173],"and":[18,113,168,220,241,281,298,339,409,412,448,454,458,476,487,498,524,537,562,572],"catastrophe":[19],"have":[20,415,594,612],"seared":[21],"the":[318],"collective":[23],"mind.":[24],"A":[25],"popular":[26,205],"image":[27],"shot":[28],"by":[29,171,196,508,581],"freelance":[30],"photographer":[31],"Mark":[32],"Phillips":[33],"seemed":[34],"to":[35,67,76,144,154,214,291,307,335,351,372,394,418,446,452,472,505,544,569],"capture":[36],"face":[38,319],"a":[40,43,123,150,156,191,269,276,324,332,396,482,582,595],"demon":[71],"in":[42,94,109,185,204,212,252,259,300,314,323,375,554],"large":[44],"plume":[45],"smoke":[70],"emanating":[48],"from":[49,125],"one":[50,189,427],"twin":[53],"towers":[54],"(see":[55,621],"fig.":[56],"1).":[57],"Soon":[58],"after":[59],"Associated":[61],"Press":[62],"secured":[63],"one-time":[64],"printing":[65],"rights":[66],"so-called":[69],"image,":[72],"it":[73,82],"became":[74],"available":[75],"Internet":[77],"users":[78],"who":[79,503,542],"quickly":[80],"disseminated":[81],"with":[83,268,402,456],"foreboding":[84],"commentary":[85],"about":[86],"Christian":[88],"apocalypse.":[89],"For":[90],"many":[91],"evangelical":[92,423],"Protestants":[93],"particular,":[95],"provided":[99,613],"evidence":[100],"that":[101,114,130,160,250,390,430],"current":[103],"seat":[104],"Satan's":[106,431],"power":[404,417,433,445],"resides":[108],"American":[110,514],"financial":[111],"institutions,":[112],"demise":[116],"is":[122,133,143,342,377,539,590],"sign":[124],"God":[126],"(or":[127],"Devil)":[129],"end-time":[132],"near":[134],"(Mikkelson":[135],"&":[136],"Mikkelson).":[137],"The":[138,303,462,585,623],"goal":[139],"this":[141,180],"essay":[142,183,266],"show":[145],"how":[146],"speech":[147,406],"writers":[148],"used":[149,517],"similar,":[151],"demonic":[152,202,211,607],"anthropomorphism":[153],"craft":[155],"righteous":[157],"presidential":[158],"rhetoric":[159,203],"helped":[161],"overcome":[162],"widespread":[164],"experience":[165],"anomie":[167],"speechlessness":[169],"caused":[170],"9/11.":[175,263],"[FIGURE":[176],"1":[177],"OMITTED]":[178],"To":[179],"end":[181],"proceeds":[184],"four":[186],"parts.":[187],"Part":[188,207],"provides":[190],"context":[192],"for":[193,278,367,425,533,600],"study":[195,293],"describing":[197],"recent":[199],"increase":[200],"culture.":[206],"two":[208,222],"locates":[209],"relation":[213],"religious":[216,230,365,391,610],"genres":[217],"exorcism":[219,240],"conversion,":[221],"iterations":[223],"larger":[226],"cultural":[227],"form":[228,371],"transformation.":[231],"In":[232,526],"part":[233],"three,":[234],"I":[235],"examine":[236],"parallels":[238],"between":[239],"political":[243,295],"purging":[244],"figurative":[246],"bodies,":[247],"specifically":[248],"those":[249],"appear":[251],"speeches":[254],"George":[256],"W.":[257],"Bush":[258],"aftermath":[261],"Finally,":[264],"concludes":[267],"discussion":[270],"implications":[273],"such":[275,358],"reading":[277],"rhetorical":[279,469,586],"theory":[280],"practice,":[282],"focusing":[283],"particularly":[284,331],"continued":[287],"relevance":[288],"genre":[290],"discourse.":[296],"Demons":[297],"Possession":[299],"Popular":[301],"Culture":[302],"Demonic":[304],"Default":[305],"Similar":[306],"childhood":[309],"game":[310],"seeing":[312],"animals":[313],"clouds":[315],"or":[316,399,548],"finding":[317],"Mother":[321],"Theresa":[322],"cinnamon":[325],"bun,":[326],"attribution":[328,369],"form,":[330,334],"human-like":[333],"an":[336,343,422],"otherwise":[337],"vague":[338],"diffuse":[340],"stimulus":[341],"perceptual":[344],"illusion":[345],"termed":[346],"pareidolia":[347],"(Carroll":[348],"2002).":[349],"According":[350],"anthropologist":[353],"Stewart":[354],"Guthrie,":[355],"pareidolic":[356],"anthropomorphisms,":[357],"as":[359,564,578],"demon,":[362],"frequently":[363],"concern":[364],"figures,":[366],"ineffable":[374],"general":[376],"psychological":[379],"basis":[380],"religion":[382],"(also":[383],"see":[384],"Cassirer).":[385],"(1)":[386],"Guthrie":[387],"also":[388],"claims":[389],"anthropomorphisms":[392],"tend":[393],"attribute":[395],"given":[397],"deity":[398],"supernatural":[400],"figure":[401],"(198).":[407],"Gods":[408],"demons":[410],"speak,":[411],"they":[413],"often":[414],"mute":[419],"speech.":[420],"From":[421],"perspective,":[424],"example,":[426],"could":[428],"claim":[429],"destructive":[432],"9/11":[435,465],"momentarily":[436],"robbed":[437],"U.S.":[439],"citizenry":[440],"its":[442,444,450],"voice,":[443],"name,":[447],"thereby":[449,573],"ability":[451],"comprehend":[453],"cope;":[455],"destruction":[457],"death,":[459],"Satan":[460],"silences.":[461],"ineffability":[463],"has":[466],"created":[467],"numerous":[468],"acts":[470],"designed":[471],"restore":[473],"voice":[475],"security":[477],"polity,":[480],"including":[481],"litany":[483],"rituals,":[485],"speeches,":[486],"performances":[488],"mourning":[489],"loss":[491],"dead,":[494],"commemorating":[495],"rescue":[496],"efforts,":[497],"celebrating":[499],"communal":[500],"bonds.":[501],"Speakers":[502],"sought":[504,543],"assuage":[506],"audiences":[507],"amplifying":[509],"virtues":[511],"people":[515],"repeatedly":[516],"words":[519],"courage,":[520],"honor,":[521],"freedom,":[522],"trust,":[523],"faith.":[525],"other":[527],"words,":[528],"Western":[530,617],"terminological":[531],"repertoire":[532,597],"expressing":[534],"goodness,":[535],"secular":[536],"divine,":[538],"large.":[540],"Those":[541],"characterize":[545],"terrorists":[547],"their":[549,555],"deeds,":[550],"however,":[551],"were":[552],"limited":[553,596],"expression.":[556],"They":[557],"described":[558],"terrorists'":[560],"intent":[561],"motives":[563],"evil,":[565],"reducing":[566],"human":[567],"action":[568],"inhuman":[570],"motion":[571],"dehumanizing":[574],"racial/religious":[576],"Other":[577],"monsters":[579],"controlled":[580],"malevolent":[583],"force.":[584],"invention":[587],"evil":[589,620],"difficult":[591],"because":[592],"Westerners":[593],"language":[599],"characterizing":[601],"it.":[602],"Historically,":[603],"course,":[605],"personifications":[608],"discourse":[611],"bulk":[615],"representations":[618],"Russell":[622],"Devil;":[624],"Delbanco).":[625],"\u2026":[626]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}