{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2039463170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597613","title":"How water equivalent are water\u2010equivalent solid materials for output calibration of photon and electron beams?","display_name":"How water equivalent are water\u2010equivalent solid materials for output calibration of photon and electron beams?","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2039463170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597613","mag":"2039463170","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7565393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.597613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597613","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034975972","display_name":"Victor M. Tello","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343551460","display_name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04twxam07","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. M. Tello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas M.D., Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas M.D., Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109130270","display_name":"R.C. Tailor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343551460","display_name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04twxam07","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. C. Tailor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiological Physics Center, Department of Radiation Physics, Box 547, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030","Radiation Physics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiological Physics Center, Department of Radiation Physics, Box 547, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiation Physics","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085165948","display_name":"William F. Hanson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343551460","display_name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04twxam07","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. F. Hanson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiological Physics Center, Department of Radiation Physics, Box 547, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiological Physics Center, Department of Radiation Physics, Box 547, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"],"apc_list":{"value":3360,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3360},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4132,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":104,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78988648,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"7","first_page":"1177","last_page":"1189"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13414","display_name":"Radioactive Decay and Measurement Techniques","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/output-calibration","display_name":"output calibration","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-beams","display_name":"photon beams","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-beam","display_name":"electron beam","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/absorbed-dose","display_name":"absorbed dose","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionization-chamber","display_name":"ionization chamber","score":0.5360000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151770136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640610","display_name":"Ionization chamber","level":4,"score":0.8088287115097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105636585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303665","display_name":"Dosimeter","level":3,"score":0.7928727865219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.7395144701004028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75088862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2291081","display_name":"Dosimetry","level":2,"score":0.7221032977104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.6913168430328369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198291218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190382","display_name":"Ionization","level":3,"score":0.6555763483047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.6110259294509888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151337348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215313","display_name":"Absorbed dose","level":3,"score":0.5972482562065125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.5547050833702087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63007395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122891","display_name":"Dose profile","level":3,"score":0.4560643434524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4547918438911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90774946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600711","display_name":"Percentage depth dose curve","level":5,"score":0.4317285418510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.43037015199661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4278677701950073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.4203836917877197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778785133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25303639","display_name":"Photon energy","level":3,"score":0.4104165732860565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.32019925117492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.286247193813324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.23395836353302002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.23347586393356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.21950185298919678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.06665188074111938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001703","descriptor_name":"Biophysics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004583","descriptor_name":"Electrons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005069","descriptor_name":"Evaluation Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011829","descriptor_name":"Radiation Dosage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011874","descriptor_name":"Radiometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014867","descriptor_name":"Water","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017785","descriptor_name":"Photons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055592","descriptor_name":"Biophysical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.597613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597613","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7565393","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7565393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical physics","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2354931183","display_name":"Radiological Physics Center","funder_award_id":"U10CA010953","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4115753374","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CA-10953","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057408627","https://openalex.org/W7217128889","https://openalex.org/W2071568647","https://openalex.org/W3028911593","https://openalex.org/W1985675213","https://openalex.org/W2588683892","https://openalex.org/W2053649877","https://openalex.org/W2580037033","https://openalex.org/W1970461111","https://openalex.org/W2061785427"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,66],"water":[1,56,79,155],"equivalency":[2],"of":[3,13,22,106,113,130,140,145,166],"five":[4,102],"\"water-equivalent\"":[5],"solid":[6,50,134],"phantom":[7,51,135],"materials":[8,52,136],"was":[9,81,170],"evaluated":[10],"in":[11,48,54,77,142,154],"terms":[12],"output":[14],"calibration":[15,64,87],"and":[16,31,53,96,101,133,175],"energy":[17,164],"characterization":[18],"over":[19,110],"a":[20,73,78,111,121,138],"range":[21],"energies":[23,159],"for":[24,99,103,156,172],"both":[25,161,173],"photon":[26],"(Co-60":[27],"to":[28,119,148],"24":[29],"MV)":[30],"electron":[32],"(6-20":[33],"MeV)":[34],"beams.":[35],"Evaluations":[36],"compared":[37],"absorbed":[38,89],"doses":[39,90],"calculated":[40,92],"from":[41,152],"ionization":[42],"measurements":[43,59,108,153],"using":[44,93],"the":[45,49,85,143,149,167],"same":[46],"dosimeter":[47],"natural":[55],"(H2O).":[57],"Ionization":[58],"were":[60,91,117],"taken":[61,109],"at":[62],"various":[63,128],"depths.":[65],"Radiological":[67],"Physics":[68],"Center's":[69],"standard":[70],"dosimetry":[71],"system,":[72],"Farmer-type":[74],"ion":[75],"chamber":[76],"phantom,":[80],"used.":[82],"Complying":[83],"with":[84],"TG-21":[86],"protocol,":[88],"eight":[94],"measurement":[95,131],"calculational":[97],"techniques":[98,132],"photons":[100,174],"electrons.":[104,176],"Results":[105,125],"repeat":[107],"period":[112],"2":[114],"1/2":[115],"years":[116],"reproducible":[118],"within":[120],"+/-":[122],"0.3%":[123],"spread.":[124],"showed":[126],"that":[127],"combinations":[129],"caused":[137],"spread":[139],"3%-4%":[141],"calculation":[144],"dose":[146,150,168],"relative":[147],"determined":[151],"all":[157],"beam":[158],"on":[160],"modalities.":[162],"An":[163],"dependence":[165],"ratios":[169],"observed":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}