{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2039401488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1969.tb02547.x","title":"OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING IN THREE SPECIES OF BIRDS","display_name":"OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING IN THREE SPECIES OF BIRDS","publication_year":1969,"publication_date":"1969-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2039401488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1969.tb02547.x","mag":"2039401488"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1969.tb02547.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1969.tb02547.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1969.tb02547.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4147745","display_name":"Ibis","issn_l":"0019-1019","issn":["0019-1019","1474-919X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ibis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021237413","display_name":"John Alcock","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Alcock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 02138, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 02138, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021237413"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":{"value":4480,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4480},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1008,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92471244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"111","issue":"3","first_page":"308","last_page":"321"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.31029999256134033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.31029999256134033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.18979999423027039,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.16779999434947968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-learning","display_name":"observational learning","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-learning","display_name":"social learning","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-throated-sparrow","display_name":"white-throated sparrow","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fork-tailed-flycatcher","display_name":"Fork-tailed Flycatcher","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-capped-chickadee","display_name":"black-capped chickadee","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tenebrio-molitor-larvae","display_name":"mealworms","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-enhancement","display_name":"local enhancement","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-facilitation","display_name":"social facilitation","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"reinforcement","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-repertoire","display_name":"behavioral repertoire","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avian-cognition","display_name":"avian cognition","score":0.6069999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780572849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225965","display_name":"Mealworm","level":3,"score":0.843704342842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102483320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143725","display_name":"Observational learning","level":3,"score":0.5404084920883179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7703794","display_name":"Territoriality","level":2,"score":0.5023667812347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.47128763794898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.44958165287971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.4343966245651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.4128561019897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.3494844138622284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.263224333524704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173758957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129270","display_name":"Larva","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1969.tb02547.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1969.tb02547.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1969.tb02547.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4147745","display_name":"Ibis","issn_l":"0019-1019","issn":["0019-1019","1474-919X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ibis","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495198430","https://openalex.org/W1966429008","https://openalex.org/W1974328907","https://openalex.org/W1984096688","https://openalex.org/W2001849882","https://openalex.org/W2002017291","https://openalex.org/W2046850479","https://openalex.org/W2073179219","https://openalex.org/W2090711619","https://openalex.org/W2092997502","https://openalex.org/W2116392874","https://openalex.org/W2324171429"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063693452","https://openalex.org/W2121525242","https://openalex.org/W1995923116","https://openalex.org/W2075970290","https://openalex.org/W2147389594","https://openalex.org/W2782761550","https://openalex.org/W2073179219","https://openalex.org/W2316368155","https://openalex.org/W1983575791","https://openalex.org/W2086133763"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Summary.":[0],"White\u2010throated":[1],"Sparrows":[2],"Zonotrickia":[3],"albicollis,":[4],"Fork\u2010tailed":[5],"Flycatchers":[6],"Muscivora":[7],"tyrannus":[8],"and":[9,59,148,160],"Black\u2010capped":[10],"Chickadees":[11],"Porta":[12],"atricapillus":[13],"were":[14],"placed":[15],"in":[16,52,102,137,157],"experimental":[17,85],"situations":[18],"where":[19],"they":[20],"could":[21,155],"watch":[22],"a":[23,27,31,62,80,111,118,121,149,163],"trained":[24,81],"companion":[25,36,107],"uncover":[26,95],"hidden":[28,63],"mealworm.":[29,98],"After":[30],"period":[32],"of":[33,105,123,162],"watching":[34],"its":[35],"find":[37,134],"the":[38,41,48,54,84,96,103,106,127,135,143,158],"concealed":[39,97],"mealworm,":[40],"observer":[42,55,128],"bird":[43,108,129],"was":[44],"isolated":[45],"visually":[46],"from":[47,90,113],"other":[49],"bird.":[50],"While":[51],"isolation":[53],"birds":[56,71,86],"approached,":[57],"touched":[58],"pecked":[60],"at":[61],"food":[64],"tray":[65],"significantly":[66],"more":[67],"often":[68],"than":[69],"control":[70],"which":[72],"had":[73,75],"not":[74],"an":[76],"opportunity":[77],"to":[78,88,94,133],"observe":[79],"companion.":[82],"However,":[83],"failed":[87],"learn":[89],"observation":[91],"alone":[92],"how":[93],"But":[99],"if":[100],"rewarded":[101],"presence":[104],"(by":[109],"taking":[110],"mealworm":[112,119],"it":[114],"or":[115],"by":[116],"uncovering":[117],"as":[120],"result":[122],"local":[124],"enhancement),":[125],"then":[126],"frequently":[130],"did":[131],"come":[132],"prey":[136],"isolation.":[138],"It":[139],"is":[140],"suggested":[141],"that":[142],"interaction":[144],"between":[145],"observational":[146],"learning":[147],"bird's":[150,164],"reinforced":[151],"socially":[152],"facilitated":[153],"experience":[154],"assist":[156],"development":[159],"expansion":[161],"behavioural":[165],"repertoire.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
