{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2038991126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.61.3.366","title":"Accuracy in the judgment of in-group and out-group variability.","display_name":"Accuracy in the judgment of in-group and out-group variability.","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2038991126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.61.3.366","mag":"2038991126","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1941509"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-3514.61.3.366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.61.3.366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.61.3.366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013563265","display_name":"Charles M. Judd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6035-5602","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6035-5602"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles M. Judd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309","U Colorado, Boulder, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U Colorado, Boulder, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660","https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090790547","display_name":"Carey S. Ryan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6154-594X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6154-594X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carey S. Ryan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077775094","display_name":"Bernadette Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3316-619X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3316-619X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernadette Park","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.2925,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":192,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99127416,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"3","first_page":"366","last_page":"379"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-dispersion","display_name":"group dispersion","score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judgment-accuracy","display_name":"judgment accuracy","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-ratings","display_name":"self-ratings","score":0.6420000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8153630495071411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781311116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83306","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","level":2,"score":0.791000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.6469458937644958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019640506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839578","display_name":"Group dynamic","level":2,"score":0.48300302028656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002321","descriptor_name":"Career Choice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006126","descriptor_name":"Group Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012925","descriptor_name":"Social Conformity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012928","descriptor_name":"Social Desirability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012933","descriptor_name":"Social Identification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013240","descriptor_name":"Stereotyping","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-3514.61.3.366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.61.3.366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.61.3.366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1941509","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1941509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W158727920","https://openalex.org/W595886575","https://openalex.org/W1507663289","https://openalex.org/W1572834885","https://openalex.org/W1969582566","https://openalex.org/W1974341093","https://openalex.org/W1977167541","https://openalex.org/W1979305845","https://openalex.org/W1981011672","https://openalex.org/W1985062054","https://openalex.org/W1995950839","https://openalex.org/W2000688038","https://openalex.org/W2002598257","https://openalex.org/W2021237246","https://openalex.org/W2034328075","https://openalex.org/W2039839397","https://openalex.org/W2043746380","https://openalex.org/W2056708007","https://openalex.org/W2062419216","https://openalex.org/W2067092844","https://openalex.org/W2070841554","https://openalex.org/W2075780436","https://openalex.org/W2099794493","https://openalex.org/W2109596025","https://openalex.org/W2138171044","https://openalex.org/W2147980246","https://openalex.org/W2156434026","https://openalex.org/W2917155265","https://openalex.org/W4238999279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986883163","https://openalex.org/W1998410536","https://openalex.org/W2105333396","https://openalex.org/W2039715849","https://openalex.org/W2082404439","https://openalex.org/W2020886153","https://openalex.org/W1983513829","https://openalex.org/W2109596025","https://openalex.org/W4248500428","https://openalex.org/W1979305845"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"accuracy":[1],"of":[2,17,23,32,68],"in-group":[3,87],"and":[4,28,36,49,55],"out-group":[5,81,91,103],"variability":[6,16,57,82,88],"judgments":[7,13,67,96,109],"was":[8,42],"examined":[9,43],"by":[10,20,45,50],"comparing":[11],"those":[12],"with":[14],"the":[15,77,90,100],"self-ratings":[18],"provided":[19],"random":[21],"samples":[22],"group":[24,34,37],"members.":[25],"Following":[26],"Park":[27],"Judd":[29],"(1990),":[30],"perceptions":[31],"both":[33,44],"dispersion":[35,108],"stereotypicality":[38,95],"were":[39,63,72,97,110],"examined.":[40],"Accuracy":[41],"within-subject":[46],"sensitivity":[47,62],"correlations":[48],"simple":[51],"discrepancies":[52],"between":[53],"perceived":[54],"actual":[56],"estimates.":[58],"In-group-out-group":[59],"differences":[60,71,75],"in":[61,76],"shown,":[64],"particularly":[65],"for":[66],"stereotypicality.":[69],"These":[70],"related":[73],"to":[74,79,86],"degree":[78],"which":[80],"is":[83],"underestimated":[84,113],"relative":[85],"(i.e.,":[89],"homogeneity":[92],"effect).":[93],"Out-group":[94],"overestimated,":[98],"supporting":[99],"view":[101],"that":[102],"stereotypes":[104],"are":[105],"overgeneralizations.":[106],"Whether":[107],"over-":[111],"or":[112],"depended":[114],"on":[115],"their":[116],"measurement.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}