{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2038569737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-9235.2001.tb01355.x","title":"Consideration of Three Types of Spontaneous Eyeblink Activity in Normal Humans: during Reading and Video Display Terminal Use, in Primary Gaze, and while in Conversation","display_name":"Consideration of Three Types of Spontaneous Eyeblink Activity in Normal Humans: during Reading and Video Display Terminal Use, in Primary Gaze, and while in Conversation","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2038569737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-9235.2001.tb01355.x","mag":"2038569737","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11700965"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/j.1538-9235.2001.tb01355.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-9235.2001.tb01355.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-9235.2001.tb01355.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45696439","display_name":"Optometry and Vision Science","issn_l":"1040-5488","issn":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optometry and Vision Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2038569737"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048367268","display_name":"Michael J. Doughty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7836-7505","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7836-7505"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","display_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvm1235","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Doughty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow-Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland","Department of Vision Sciences","Glasgow G4 OBA","Glasgow-Caledonian University","Michael J. Doughty","Scotland","e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow-Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vision Sciences","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow G4 OBA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow-Caledonian University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michael J. Doughty","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scotland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048367268"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4307,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":305,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94710892,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"10","first_page":"712","last_page":"725"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.5770999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.5770999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":0.260699987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.044199999421834946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"reading","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-display-terminals","display_name":"visual display terminals","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"conversation","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experimental-conditions","display_name":"experimental conditions","score":0.4399999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4804670214653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.44107764959335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35915669798851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.10608333349227905}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001767","descriptor_name":"Blinking","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004594","descriptor_name":"Electrophysiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016288","descriptor_name":"Computer Terminals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/j.1538-9235.2001.tb01355.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-9235.2001.tb01355.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-9235.2001.tb01355.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45696439","display_name":"Optometry and Vision Science","issn_l":"1040-5488","issn":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optometry and Vision Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1097/00006324-200110000-00011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200110000-00011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200110000-00011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45696439","display_name":"Optometry and Vision Science","issn_l":"1040-5488","issn":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optometry and Vision Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11700965","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11700965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313899","display_name":"College of Optometrists","ror":"https://ror.org/011em6227"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5045953","https://openalex.org/W103761139","https://openalex.org/W1523846867","https://openalex.org/W1531914353","https://openalex.org/W1966308680","https://openalex.org/W1968725445","https://openalex.org/W1970599870","https://openalex.org/W1971104338","https://openalex.org/W1975208631","https://openalex.org/W1976034953","https://openalex.org/W1978887130","https://openalex.org/W1982517393","https://openalex.org/W1982600123","https://openalex.org/W1983280978","https://openalex.org/W1983481058","https://openalex.org/W1983839234","https://openalex.org/W1985771321","https://openalex.org/W1986957155","https://openalex.org/W1987700492","https://openalex.org/W1992239553","https://openalex.org/W1992466609","https://openalex.org/W1994913346","https://openalex.org/W1996493923","https://openalex.org/W1996692798","https://openalex.org/W2005384659","https://openalex.org/W2009373703","https://openalex.org/W2016424245","https://openalex.org/W2022661902","https://openalex.org/W2024493776","https://openalex.org/W2025701127","https://openalex.org/W2026342900","https://openalex.org/W2028003462","https://openalex.org/W2028315697","https://openalex.org/W2031061330","https://openalex.org/W2031316335","https://openalex.org/W2033298585","https://openalex.org/W2035133994","https://openalex.org/W2036494411","https://openalex.org/W2036687406","https://openalex.org/W2036899910","https://openalex.org/W2041852951","https://openalex.org/W2043111919","https://openalex.org/W2048436257","https://openalex.org/W2049220535","https://openalex.org/W2049643447","https://openalex.org/W2050041714","https://openalex.org/W2051434770","https://openalex.org/W2054966529","https://openalex.org/W2056695513","https://openalex.org/W2058097001","https://openalex.org/W2058894575","https://openalex.org/W2060050382","https://openalex.org/W2060352302","https://openalex.org/W2063141071","https://openalex.org/W2064904749","https://openalex.org/W2066457816","https://openalex.org/W2070081001","https://openalex.org/W2072009960","https://openalex.org/W2075293900","https://openalex.org/W2075367018","https://openalex.org/W2080761244","https://openalex.org/W2080904686","https://openalex.org/W2082461987","https://openalex.org/W2085804986","https://openalex.org/W2086299534","https://openalex.org/W2086711273","https://openalex.org/W2087166815","https://openalex.org/W2087991530","https://openalex.org/W2089040462","https://openalex.org/W2122372681","https://openalex.org/W2137359389","https://openalex.org/W2139127533","https://openalex.org/W2145112153","https://openalex.org/W2163416147","https://openalex.org/W2399796775","https://openalex.org/W2401514464","https://openalex.org/W2414354068","https://openalex.org/W2414370707","https://openalex.org/W4244341273","https://openalex.org/W4293251968"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2078263456","https://openalex.org/W2772392317","https://openalex.org/W2334301221","https://openalex.org/W2033919251","https://openalex.org/W2087863836","https://openalex.org/W4205376735","https://openalex.org/W1982517393","https://openalex.org/W2795948788","https://openalex.org/W2086711273"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"To":[1],"consider":[2,26],"the":[3,7,20,27,46,67,74,77,140],"conditions":[4],"under":[5,97],"which":[6],"so-called":[8],"spontaneous":[9,47,80,103,206],"(endogenous)":[10],"eyeblink":[11,48,81,104,207],"activity":[12,75,82,105],"has":[13],"been":[14,52],"assessed":[15],"by":[16,229],"different":[17,43],"investigators":[18],"over":[19],"last":[21],"75":[22],"years":[23],"and":[24,120,176,183,186,190,239],"to":[25,37,39,64,200],"most":[28],"appropriate":[29],"terminology.":[30],"The":[31],"reason":[32],"for":[33,45,193,205],"this":[34],"analysis":[35,161],"was":[36,61,83],"try":[38],"identify":[40,65],"why":[41],"such":[42],"values":[44,155],"rate":[49,208],"(SEBR)":[50],"have":[51],"reported.":[53],"METHODS:":[54],"A":[55],"retrospective":[56],"evaluation":[57],"of":[58,76,91,102,150,164,223],"published":[59],"articles":[60],"carried":[62,145],"out":[63],"whether":[66],"SEBR":[68,92,108,121,151,224],"assessments":[69,90],"were":[70,87],"consistently":[71],"dependent":[72,213],"on":[73,214],"subjects":[78,96,125],"while":[79],"being":[84],"investigated.":[85],"These":[86],"compared":[88,156],"with":[89,157],"in":[93,109,117,127,135,146],"young":[94],"adult":[95],"equivalent":[98],"conditions.":[99,216],"RESULTS:":[100],"Assessments":[101],"revealed":[106],"that":[107,116,170,221],"a":[110,203],"reading":[111],"posture":[112],"is":[113,122,144,198,211,218],"lower":[114],"than":[115],"primary":[118,141,179,235],"gaze,":[119],"higher":[123,154],"when":[124],"are":[126,131],"conversation.":[128],"Such":[129],"differences":[130],"also":[132],"generally":[133],"found":[134],"literature":[136],"reports,":[137],"especially":[138],"if":[139],"gaze":[142],"assessment":[143],"silence.":[147],"Electrophysiological":[148],"measures":[149,225],"yield":[152],"slightly":[153],"observational":[158],"techniques.":[159],"Statistical":[160],"(with":[162],"calculation":[163],"95%":[165],"confidence":[166],"interval":[167],"values)":[168],"indicate":[169],"reading-SEBR":[171],"should":[172,226],"be":[173,227],"between":[174,181,188],"1.4":[175],"14.4":[177],"eyeblinks/min,":[178],"gaze-SEBR":[180,236],"8.0":[182],"21.0":[184],"eyeblinks/min":[185,192],"conversational-SEBR":[187],"10.5":[189],"32.5":[191],"normal":[194],"adults.":[195],"CONCLUSIONS:":[196],"It":[197,217],"inappropriate":[199],"simply":[201],"state":[202],"value":[204],"because":[209],"it":[210],"so":[212],"experimental":[215,231],"further":[219],"proposed":[220],"reports":[222],"prefixed":[228],"these":[230],"conditions,":[232],"namely":[233],"reading-SEBR,":[234],"(in":[237],"silence)":[238],"conversational-SEBR.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
