{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2037736740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00461528109529230","title":"Level I and level II: A review","display_name":"Level I and level II: A review","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2037736740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00461528109529230","mag":"2037736740"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00461528109529230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00461528109529230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00461528109529230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168863630","display_name":"Educational Psychologist","issn_l":"0046-1520","issn":["0046-1520","1532-6985"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Psychologist","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112796378","display_name":"Philip Anthony Vernon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Philip A. Vernon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education, University of California, Berkeley, Calif., 94720"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education, University of California, Berkeley, Calif., 94720","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112796378"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3229,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88882039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"45","last_page":"64"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11820","display_name":"Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-differences-in-intelligence","display_name":"racial differences in intelligence","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligence-distribution","display_name":"intelligence distribution","score":0.46000000834465027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.757178783416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106394435","display_name":"Disadvantaged","level":2,"score":0.5944691896438599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5521506071090698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.44187644124031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993757694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3254959","display_name":"Racial differences","level":3,"score":0.4196200966835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.40856409072875977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.21715444326400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10454189777374268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00461528109529230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00461528109529230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00461528109529230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168863630","display_name":"Educational Psychologist","issn_l":"0046-1520","issn":["0046-1520","1532-6985"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Psychologist","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":118,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40048402","https://openalex.org/W153297155","https://openalex.org/W177711846","https://openalex.org/W184658956","https://openalex.org/W203313049","https://openalex.org/W224373215","https://openalex.org/W239942966","https://openalex.org/W317285242","https://openalex.org/W335506602","https://openalex.org/W1033229482","https://openalex.org/W1510186942","https://openalex.org/W1571067654","https://openalex.org/W1721993335","https://openalex.org/W1795771549","https://openalex.org/W1963819146","https://openalex.org/W1967010696","https://openalex.org/W1968039526","https://openalex.org/W1970636075","https://openalex.org/W1972450933","https://openalex.org/W1973272251","https://openalex.org/W1974006456","https://openalex.org/W1975387361","https://openalex.org/W1978593349","https://openalex.org/W1979609394","https://openalex.org/W1980378602","https://openalex.org/W1982201704","https://openalex.org/W1982651449","https://openalex.org/W1984576573","https://openalex.org/W1986721512","https://openalex.org/W1989170492","https://openalex.org/W1992096418","https://openalex.org/W1993268724","https://openalex.org/W1993737598","https://openalex.org/W1993788093","https://openalex.org/W1998094395","https://openalex.org/W1998979735","https://openalex.org/W1999018419","https://openalex.org/W2001698551","https://openalex.org/W2004102696","https://openalex.org/W2004621859","https://openalex.org/W2006270767","https://openalex.org/W2006500696","https://openalex.org/W2008693390","https://openalex.org/W2011191549","https://openalex.org/W2011350917","https://openalex.org/W2012447207","https://openalex.org/W2016773978","https://openalex.org/W2018812479","https://openalex.org/W2020448929","https://openalex.org/W2022068597","https://openalex.org/W2030353856","https://openalex.org/W2031664063","https://openalex.org/W2032271951","https://openalex.org/W2032810717","https://openalex.org/W2033553314","https://openalex.org/W2033678751","https://openalex.org/W2034347282","https://openalex.org/W2034819500","https://openalex.org/W2041445270","https://openalex.org/W2042543849","https://openalex.org/W2043528589","https://openalex.org/W2046200181","https://openalex.org/W2047224185","https://openalex.org/W2048789865","https://openalex.org/W2051545584","https://openalex.org/W2061824235","https://openalex.org/W2063546827","https://openalex.org/W2064926644","https://openalex.org/W2069182223","https://openalex.org/W2072590590","https://openalex.org/W2073587825","https://openalex.org/W2074524613","https://openalex.org/W2076678802","https://openalex.org/W2079546238","https://openalex.org/W2079575084","https://openalex.org/W2079724749","https://openalex.org/W2079872858","https://openalex.org/W2083630039","https://openalex.org/W2084182205","https://openalex.org/W2087287338","https://openalex.org/W2088113597","https://openalex.org/W2088305347","https://openalex.org/W2090945425","https://openalex.org/W2092324013","https://openalex.org/W2093736549","https://openalex.org/W2098253373","https://openalex.org/W2114969245","https://openalex.org/W2122588892","https://openalex.org/W2139693109","https://openalex.org/W2142699327","https://openalex.org/W2142745861","https://openalex.org/W2147138207","https://openalex.org/W2147611572","https://openalex.org/W2156868407","https://openalex.org/W2157211438","https://openalex.org/W2160646495","https://openalex.org/W2162639777","https://openalex.org/W2164831099","https://openalex.org/W2189385236","https://openalex.org/W2315972784","https://openalex.org/W2317543039","https://openalex.org/W2327963704","https://openalex.org/W2472353467","https://openalex.org/W2801053756","https://openalex.org/W2894865365","https://openalex.org/W2899049964","https://openalex.org/W2914016806","https://openalex.org/W2915684232","https://openalex.org/W2939604782","https://openalex.org/W2970216113","https://openalex.org/W3162348707","https://openalex.org/W4232015415","https://openalex.org/W4234423824","https://openalex.org/W4241144134","https://openalex.org/W4241250927","https://openalex.org/W4252048858","https://openalex.org/W4252989538","https://openalex.org/W6927166607"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2114969245","https://openalex.org/W2008775549","https://openalex.org/W1970955413","https://openalex.org/W4249889160","https://openalex.org/W2160646495","https://openalex.org/W2073587825","https://openalex.org/W2035704275","https://openalex.org/W2061824235","https://openalex.org/W2072590590","https://openalex.org/W2077477696"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Jensen's":[0,32,70,75,82],"Level":[1,39,55,91],"I\u2010Level":[2],"II":[3,56,92],"theory":[4,83],"of":[5,18,22,31,38,54,66,81,87],"individual":[6],"and":[7,45,48,78,89,108],"group":[8],"differences":[9,50],"in":[10,15,51],"mental":[11],"abilities":[12,41,57],"is":[13,61],"examined":[14],"the":[16,19,26,35,49,52,64,79,85,101],"context":[17],"large":[20],"body":[21],"research":[23,68],"pertaining":[24],"to":[25,74],"topic.":[27],"The":[28],"major":[29],"hypotheses":[30],"theory,":[33],"concerning":[34],"equal":[36],"distribution":[37,53],"I":[40,107],"among":[42],"different":[43],"racial":[44],"sociocconomic":[46],"groups,":[47],"are":[58],"evaluated.":[59],"It":[60],"concluded":[62],"that":[63],"majority":[65],"recent":[67],"supports":[69],"hypotheses.":[71],"Alternative":[72],"theories":[73],"arc":[76,94],"presented":[77],"implications":[80],"for":[84],"education":[86],"disadvantaged":[88],"low":[90],"children":[93],"discussed.":[95],"A":[96],"short":[97],"section":[98],"deals":[99],"with":[100],"hypothesized":[102],"functional":[103],"relationship":[104],"between":[105],"Levels":[106],"II.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}