{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2037565376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208322618","title":"Eyes on the Prize or Nose to the Grindstone? The Effects of Level of Goal Evaluation on Mood and Motivation","display_name":"Eyes on the Prize or Nose to the Grindstone? The Effects of Level of Goal Evaluation on Mood and Motivation","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2037565376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208322618","mag":"2037565376","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18663122"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0146167208322618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208322618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208322618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187348256","display_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","issn_l":"0146-1672","issn":["0146-1672","1552-7433"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061839306","display_name":"Linda Houser\u2010Marko","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linda Houser-Marko","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois-Chicago,","University of Illinois, Chicago, IL. USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois-Chicago,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Chicago, IL. USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078294428","display_name":"Kennon M. Sheldon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9219-832X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9219-832X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kennon M. Sheldon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061839306"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1755,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90896988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"11","first_page":"1556","last_page":"1569"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.8622999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.8622999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.05779999867081642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11400","display_name":"Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports","score":0.019200000911951065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goal-evaluation","display_name":"goal evaluation","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subgoals","display_name":"subgoals","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goal-framing","display_name":"goal framing","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-valence","display_name":"feedback valence","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/success-and-failure-feedback","display_name":"success and failure feedback","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mood","display_name":"mood","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motivation","display_name":"motivation","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectancy","display_name":"expectancy","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-assessment","display_name":"self-assessment","score":0.3610000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8333611488342285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188353592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450586","display_name":"Expectancy theory","level":2,"score":0.8014379739761353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780733359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331769","display_name":"Mood","level":2,"score":0.6842341423034668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.45120561122894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.449688583612442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168900304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171407","display_name":"Valence (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.43652892112731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777536939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25054194","display_name":"Goal pursuit","level":2,"score":0.4100312292575836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000339","descriptor_name":"Affect","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005717","descriptor_name":"Games, Experimental","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006040","descriptor_name":"Goals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014825","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0146167208322618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208322618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208322618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187348256","display_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","issn_l":"0146-1672","issn":["0146-1672","1552-7433"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18663122","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18663122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personality & social psychology bulletin","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56005156","https://openalex.org/W134731742","https://openalex.org/W386645098","https://openalex.org/W1492021067","https://openalex.org/W1544969050","https://openalex.org/W1606613208","https://openalex.org/W1754870167","https://openalex.org/W1771503396","https://openalex.org/W1857170875","https://openalex.org/W1950299194","https://openalex.org/W1969233283","https://openalex.org/W1973626983","https://openalex.org/W1979468072","https://openalex.org/W1983786736","https://openalex.org/W1994152699","https://openalex.org/W2004978803","https://openalex.org/W2011926323","https://openalex.org/W2023722569","https://openalex.org/W2033773024","https://openalex.org/W2041103469","https://openalex.org/W2048033545","https://openalex.org/W2051355184","https://openalex.org/W2052729098","https://openalex.org/W2057348932","https://openalex.org/W2071186754","https://openalex.org/W2073318338","https://openalex.org/W2077106910","https://openalex.org/W2084856978","https://openalex.org/W2091460783","https://openalex.org/W2105085220","https://openalex.org/W2122517769","https://openalex.org/W2133339457","https://openalex.org/W2144190976","https://openalex.org/W2148905283","https://openalex.org/W2158489986","https://openalex.org/W2159186832","https://openalex.org/W2329937548","https://openalex.org/W2605815165","https://openalex.org/W2913040415","https://openalex.org/W2980700416","https://openalex.org/W3019273456","https://openalex.org/W3151216969","https://openalex.org/W3172575444","https://openalex.org/W4230285053","https://openalex.org/W4230545407","https://openalex.org/W4231805577","https://openalex.org/W4292994367","https://openalex.org/W4298102205"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2277688501","https://openalex.org/W1972786368","https://openalex.org/W2140734713","https://openalex.org/W3041424316","https://openalex.org/W176402059","https://openalex.org/W2114847333","https://openalex.org/W3201479119","https://openalex.org/W52472527","https://openalex.org/W2590549445","https://openalex.org/W1896574606"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"These":[0,130],"studies":[1],"tested":[2],"the":[3,51,118,123,142],"hypothesis":[4],"that":[5,133],"evaluating":[6],"goal":[7,16,53,74,96,120,139],"feedback":[8,38],"in":[9,31,117,126],"terms":[10],"of":[11],"a":[12,26,46,94],"primary,":[13],"longer":[14],"term":[15],"can":[17],"be":[18],"risky":[19],"for":[20,43,67,73],"future":[21],"motivation.":[22],"Study":[23,78],"1":[24],"was":[25,57,80,114],"2":[27,29,79],"x":[28],"experiment":[30],"which":[32,85],"framing":[33],"level":[34],"(primary":[35],"goal/subgoal)":[36],"and":[37,61,65,76,106,128],"valence":[39],"(success/failure)":[40],"were":[41,87],"manipulated":[42],"participants":[44,86,116],"during":[45],"verbal":[47],"skills":[48],"task.":[49],"In":[50],"primary":[52,95,119],"failure":[54,109,148],"condition,":[55],"there":[56],"increased":[58],"negative":[59],"mood":[60,64,127],"decreased":[62],"positive":[63],"expectancy":[66],"subsequent":[68],"trials,":[69],"even":[70],"while":[71],"controlling":[72],"difficulty":[75],"importance.":[77],"an":[81],"8-week":[82],"study":[83,103],"throughout":[84],"asked":[88],"to":[89,137],"evaluate":[90,138],"their":[91],"progress":[92,113,140],"regarding":[93],"(class":[97],"grade":[98],"goal)":[99],"or":[100,108],"subgoal":[101,144],"(weekly":[102],"hours":[104],"goal),":[105],"success":[107],"varied":[110],"naturally.":[111],"When":[112],"lacking,":[115],"condition":[121],"experienced":[122],"largest":[124],"decreases":[125],"expectancy.":[129],"results":[131],"suggest":[132],"it":[134],"is":[135],"optimal":[136],"at":[141],"lower,":[143],"level,":[145],"particularly":[146],"after":[147],"feedback.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}