{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2037541722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1836","title":"On sample size for sensitivity and specificity in prospective diagnostic accuracy studies","display_name":"On sample size for sensitivity and specificity in prospective diagnostic accuracy studies","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2037541722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1836","mag":"2037541722","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15287083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/sim.1836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55189604","display_name":"Statistics in Medicine","issn_l":"0277-6715","issn":["0277-6715","1097-0258"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Statistics in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100358351","display_name":"Jialiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9704-4135","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9704-4135"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034035782","display_name":"Jason P. Fine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7208-7983","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7208-7983"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jason Fine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034035782"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":{"value":5450,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5450},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":132,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17904274,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"16","first_page":"2537","last_page":"2550"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.9585000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.9585000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.030500000342726707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.007799999788403511,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size-calculation","display_name":"sample size determination","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-accuracy","display_name":"diagnostic accuracy","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"sensitivity","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specificity","display_name":"specificity","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypothesis-testing","display_name":"hypothesis testing","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mammography","display_name":"mammography","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer-screening","display_name":"breast cancer screening","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-analysis","display_name":"power analysis","score":0.453000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.744536817073822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5505481362342834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96608239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199823","display_name":"Statistical power","level":2,"score":0.4976790249347687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4954768419265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.49027135968208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4850427508354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4299512505531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.42551523447036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992886853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18381816","display_name":"Post hoc","level":2,"score":0.42223450541496277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67761136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2105849","display_name":"Post-hoc analysis","level":2,"score":0.4219525456428528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3755830228328705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3504274785518646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2794070243835449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.11392080783843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008327","descriptor_name":"Mammography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008327","descriptor_name":"Mammography","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008403","descriptor_name":"Mass Screening","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008403","descriptor_name":"Mass Screening","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018401","descriptor_name":"Sample Size","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019937","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/sim.1836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55189604","display_name":"Statistics in Medicine","issn_l":"0277-6715","issn":["0277-6715","1097-0258"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Statistics in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15287083","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15287083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Statistics in medicine","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1953074041","https://openalex.org/W1982044627","https://openalex.org/W2027337728","https://openalex.org/W2127686951","https://openalex.org/W2323966376","https://openalex.org/W2328443657","https://openalex.org/W2331148235","https://openalex.org/W4232875550","https://openalex.org/W4234848434","https://openalex.org/W4293775970","https://openalex.org/W4301914348"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022961959","https://openalex.org/W112693492","https://openalex.org/W7218190511","https://openalex.org/W2032742414","https://openalex.org/W6996381699","https://openalex.org/W2074244589","https://openalex.org/W1899438797","https://openalex.org/W2027337728","https://openalex.org/W1995684439","https://openalex.org/W3016444420"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,23,95,125,165],"design":[1,166],"of":[2,5,20,28,32,37,62,97,121,133,167,172],"a":[3,45,106,150,168],"study":[4,25,171],"disease":[6,30],"screening":[7,58,177],"tests":[8,14],"may":[9,40,147],"be":[10,42,70],"based":[11,115],"on":[12,116],"hypothesis":[13],"for":[15,78,89,109,157,174],"the":[16,21,29,35,49,56,60,80,91,117,122,131,134,141,162,179],"sensitivity":[17],"and":[18,59,67,112],"specificity":[19],"tests.":[22],"case-control":[24],"requires":[26],"knowledge":[27],"status":[31],"patients":[33],"at":[34],"time":[36],"enrollment.":[38],"This":[39],"not":[41,69,101],"possible":[43],"in":[44,161],"prospective":[46,163],"setting,":[47],"when":[48],"gold":[50],"standard":[51],"is":[52,65],"obtained":[53],"subsequent":[54],"to":[55,153],"initial":[57],"number":[61],"diseased":[63],"individuals":[64],"random":[66],"can":[68],"fixed":[71],"by":[72,87],"design.":[73],"Several":[74],"ad":[75,142],"hoc":[76,143],"procedures":[77],"determining":[79],"total":[81],"sample":[82,110,158],"size":[83,111,159],"are":[84,100],"commonly":[85,135],"used":[86,136],"practitioners,":[88],"example,":[90],"prevalence":[92,144],"inflation":[93,145],"method.":[94],"properties":[96,120],"these":[98],"methods":[99],"well":[102],"understood.":[103],"We":[104,138],"develop":[105],"formal":[107],"method":[108,146],"power":[113,119],"calculations":[114],"unconditional":[118],"test":[123],"statistics.":[124],"approach":[126],"provides":[127],"novel":[128],"insights":[129],"into":[130],"behaviour":[132],"methods.":[137],"find":[139],"that":[140],"serve":[148],"as":[149],"useful":[151],"approximation":[152],"our":[154],"rigorous":[155],"framework":[156],"determination":[160],"set-up.":[164],"large":[169],"population-based":[170],"mammography":[173],"breast":[175],"cancer":[176],"illustrates":[178],"key":[180],"issues.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}