{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2037538342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-6526(94)90021-3","title":"Choice of system boundaries in life cycle assessment","display_name":"Choice of system boundaries in life cycle assessment","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2037538342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-6526(94)90021-3","mag":"2037538342"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0959-6526(94)90021-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-6526(94)90021-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-6526(94)90021-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58516903","display_name":"Journal of Cleaner Production","issn_l":"0959-6526","issn":["0959-6526","1879-1786"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cleaner Production","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110072226","display_name":"Anne\u2010Marie Tillman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0690-3043","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0690-3043"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne-Marie Tillman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical Environmental Planning, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical Environmental Planning, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040729308","display_name":"Tomas Ekvall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5281-9331","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5281-9331"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156396","display_name":"Chalmers Industriteknik","ror":"https://ror.org/00acv8d41","country_code":"SE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387156396"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomas Ekvall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers Industriteknik, Chalmers Teknikpark, S-412 88 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","Technical Environmental Planning, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers Industriteknik, Chalmers Teknikpark, S-412 88 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156396"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical Environmental Planning, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059878786","display_name":"Henrikke Baumann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4450-1312","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4450-1312"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrikke Baumann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical Environmental Planning, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical Environmental Planning, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047403391","display_name":"Tomas Rydberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3455-5680","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3455-5680"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomas Rydberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chemical Environmental Science, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","Technical Environmental Planning, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemical Environmental Science, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical Environmental Planning, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4660,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4660},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.188,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":268,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94543081,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"21","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13180","display_name":"Chemistry and Chemical Engineering","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12643","display_name":"Sustainability and Ecological Systems Analysis","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-boundaries","display_name":"system boundaries","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-cycle-assessment","display_name":"life cycle assessment","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-trees","display_name":"process trees","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-goods","display_name":"capital goods","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-horizon","display_name":"time horizon","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographical-scope","display_name":"geographic scope","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-life-cycle","display_name":"product life cycle","score":0.48500001430511475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6183081269264221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5904838442802429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5612645745277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5582524538040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.5467849373817444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778706760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581950","display_name":"Life-cycle assessment","level":3,"score":0.5335394144058228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4669094681739807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4629325270652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4613589942455292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4414322078227997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28761237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805321","display_name":"Time horizon","level":2,"score":0.42220357060432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.41633355617523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.3380395770072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.29991593956947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2489849030971527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17318645119667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.15772798657417297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.11579129099845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0959-6526(94)90021-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-6526(94)90021-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-6526(94)90021-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58516903","display_name":"Journal of Cleaner Production","issn_l":"0959-6526","issn":["0959-6526","1879-1786"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cleaner Production","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.lib.chalmers.se:23738","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/publication/23738-choice-of-system-boundaries-in-life-cycle-assessment","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196470","display_name":"Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text.Article.Journal.PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:23738","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/23738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5925999879837036,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322427","display_name":"Nordisk Ministerr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/05htmcq63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2970901895","https://openalex.org/W2975837624","https://openalex.org/W7066195795"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016536459","https://openalex.org/W2318550042","https://openalex.org/W2021679176","https://openalex.org/W2595567718","https://openalex.org/W2380960119","https://openalex.org/W2075073867","https://openalex.org/W2321389771","https://openalex.org/W2516404588","https://openalex.org/W193698420","https://openalex.org/W642617671"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}