{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2036740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00377-8","title":"Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis","display_name":"Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2036740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00377-8","mag":"2036740","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11576817"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00377-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00377-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00377-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64418186","display_name":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","issn_l":"0895-4356","issn":["0895-4356","1878-5921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015955757","display_name":"Jonathan A C Sterne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8496-6053","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8496-6053"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan A.C Sterne","raw_affiliation_strings":["MRC Health Services Research Collaboration, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, BS8 2PR, Bristol, UK. jonathan.sterne@bristol.ac.uk","MRC Health Services Research Collaboration, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, BS8 2PR, Bristol, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC Health Services Research Collaboration, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, BS8 2PR, Bristol, UK. jonathan.sterne@bristol.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC Health Services Research Collaboration, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, BS8 2PR, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077161809","display_name":"Matthias Egger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7462-5132","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7462-5132","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7795-4406"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Egger","raw_affiliation_strings":["MRC Health Services Research Collaboration, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC Health Services Research Collaboration, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"apc_list":{"value":4210,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4210},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.0699,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3779,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99674333,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"10","first_page":"1046","last_page":"1055"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/funnel-plot","display_name":"funnel plot","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publication-bias","display_name":"publication bias","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-analysis","display_name":"meta-analysis","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymmetry","display_name":"asymmetry","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-errors","display_name":"standard errors","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-size","display_name":"study size","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision","display_name":"precision","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/odds-ratio","display_name":"odds ratio","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-risk","display_name":"relative risk","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-difference","display_name":"risk difference","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence-intervals","display_name":"confidence intervals","score":0.6840000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82605166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967190","display_name":"Funnel plot","level":4,"score":0.9086756706237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.7480157613754272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.6942737102508545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780439572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919364","display_name":"Publication bias","level":3,"score":0.6855531930923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.682538628578186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.6732940673828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18747219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620994","display_name":"Standard error","level":2,"score":0.6071446537971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38976095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752641","display_name":"Asymmetry","level":2,"score":0.5599749088287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5093363523483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40696583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989120","display_name":"Type I and type II errors","level":2,"score":0.43746933341026306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.4328632056713104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.4278154969215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4116884469985962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207467116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666","display_name":"Inverse","level":2,"score":0.4101673662662506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2906734347343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.13370555639266968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10677224397659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.08422151207923889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008274","descriptor_name":"Magnesium","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009203","descriptor_name":"Myocardial Infarction","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009203","descriptor_name":"Myocardial Infarction","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015201","descriptor_name":"Meta-Analysis as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015983","descriptor_name":"Selection Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016032","descriptor_name":"Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017408","descriptor_name":"Guidelines as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00377-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00377-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00377-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64418186","display_name":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","issn_l":"0895-4356","issn":["0895-4356","1878-5921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11576817","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11576817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of clinical epidemiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56033953","https://openalex.org/W186268426","https://openalex.org/W204046373","https://openalex.org/W297892089","https://openalex.org/W332404140","https://openalex.org/W1517942120","https://openalex.org/W1592653824","https://openalex.org/W1602809614","https://openalex.org/W1606586277","https://openalex.org/W1887056411","https://openalex.org/W1964435302","https://openalex.org/W1964441909","https://openalex.org/W1964796004","https://openalex.org/W1967959895","https://openalex.org/W1974975370","https://openalex.org/W1984535767","https://openalex.org/W1985907276","https://openalex.org/W1986024842","https://openalex.org/W1995446291","https://openalex.org/W1996761484","https://openalex.org/W2001483085","https://openalex.org/W2004169137","https://openalex.org/W2007910927","https://openalex.org/W2011932878","https://openalex.org/W2016864446","https://openalex.org/W2027652926","https://openalex.org/W2028299022","https://openalex.org/W2038886783","https://openalex.org/W2043133248","https://openalex.org/W2044053804","https://openalex.org/W2066051647","https://openalex.org/W2077421021","https://openalex.org/W2086680637","https://openalex.org/W2093437752","https://openalex.org/W2103718021","https://openalex.org/W2112339576","https://openalex.org/W2127529583","https://openalex.org/W2128859532","https://openalex.org/W2132966541","https://openalex.org/W2148326029","https://openalex.org/W2157347940","https://openalex.org/W2157823046","https://openalex.org/W2158767537","https://openalex.org/W2340558947","https://openalex.org/W2395127140","https://openalex.org/W2895806954","https://openalex.org/W4230893588","https://openalex.org/W4231570859","https://openalex.org/W4242592735","https://openalex.org/W4245244523","https://openalex.org/W4246398066"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2911778644","https://openalex.org/W1967959895","https://openalex.org/W1548668976","https://openalex.org/W2752521545","https://openalex.org/W2119605658","https://openalex.org/W2157823046","https://openalex.org/W2157347940","https://openalex.org/W2136145129","https://openalex.org/W2432791694","https://openalex.org/W3124352959"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":236},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":327},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":411},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":298},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":300},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":328},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":270},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":203},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":181},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":163},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":164},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":160},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":122},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":99},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":87}],"updated_date":"2026-11-02T09:45:03.842371","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}