{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2036099475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1525/rep.2003.83.1.97","title":"Eighteenth-Century Wetware","display_name":"Eighteenth-Century Wetware","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2036099475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1525/rep.2003.83.1.97","mag":"2036099475"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1525/rep.2003.83.1.97","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1525/rep.2003.83.1.97","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/rep.2003.83.1.97","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94236332","display_name":"Representations","issn_l":"0734-6018","issn":["0734-6018","1533-855X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315693","host_organization_name":"University of California Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315693"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of California Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Representations","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052622396","display_name":"Jessica G. Riskin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jessica Riskin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052622396"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3114,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96667197,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"83","issue":"1","first_page":"97","last_page":"125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.5151000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.5151000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.19189999997615814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13641","display_name":"Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis","score":0.05559999868273735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-life","display_name":"artificial life","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/18th-century-science","display_name":"18th-century science","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-organs","display_name":"artificial organs","score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wetware","display_name":"wetware","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eighteenth-century-medicine","display_name":"18th-century medicine","score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-technology","display_name":"history of technology","score":0.33799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.8227101564407349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.763890266418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179254644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222844","display_name":"Moment (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7463737726211548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47941915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107885","display_name":"Speculation","level":2,"score":0.701950192451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5872691869735718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.5211379528045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.384708046913147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3688802719116211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.3665660619735718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.3307483196258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.26550763845443726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1994832456111908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.19155043363571167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17697200179100037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.05723342299461365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.05546683073043823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1525/rep.2003.83.1.97","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1525/rep.2003.83.1.97","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/rep.2003.83.1.97","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94236332","display_name":"Representations","issn_l":"0734-6018","issn":["0734-6018","1533-855X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315693","host_organization_name":"University of California Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315693"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of California Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Representations","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W247034134","https://openalex.org/W607830107","https://openalex.org/W1493058000","https://openalex.org/W1517870057","https://openalex.org/W1527571715","https://openalex.org/W1582491906","https://openalex.org/W1652032257","https://openalex.org/W1966089223","https://openalex.org/W1967978977","https://openalex.org/W1982933732","https://openalex.org/W2001398109","https://openalex.org/W2066452495","https://openalex.org/W2069808647","https://openalex.org/W2312958958","https://openalex.org/W2327619301","https://openalex.org/W2330003327","https://openalex.org/W2397253692","https://openalex.org/W4230884819","https://openalex.org/W4253646250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2504641156","https://openalex.org/W6945947888","https://openalex.org/W3046798103","https://openalex.org/W7064200217","https://openalex.org/W4232768634","https://openalex.org/W4285778155","https://openalex.org/W4242250355","https://openalex.org/W1964225813","https://openalex.org/W7154971327","https://openalex.org/W7037127606"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"essay":[1,47],"explores":[2],"a":[3,49],"similarity":[4,93],"between":[5,82,94],"the":[6,10,17,21,25,34,38,44,59,62,67,80,92,95,99],"way":[7,26],"people":[8],"approached":[9],"relation":[11,32],"of":[12,20,37,43,51,69,78,101],"life":[13],"to":[14,61],"machinery":[15],"during":[16,33],"second":[18,35],"half":[19,36],"eighteenth":[22],"century,":[23],"and":[24,41,75,84,105],"they":[27],"have":[28],"been":[29],"exploring":[30],"this":[31,70],"twentieth":[39],"century":[40],"turn":[42],"twenty-first.":[45],"The":[46],"describes":[48],"moment":[50,71],"intense":[52],"interest":[53],"in":[54,98],"producing":[55],"artificial":[56,85,102],"life,":[57,103],"from":[58,73],"1730s":[60],"1790s,":[63],"examines":[64],"what":[65],"set":[66],"projects":[68],"apart":[72],"previous":[74],"subsequent":[76],"ways":[77],"conceiving":[79],"relations":[81],"animal":[83],"machinery,and":[86],"closes":[87],"with":[88],"some":[89],"speculation":[90],"about":[91],"two":[96],"epochs":[97],"history":[100],"then":[104],"now.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}