{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2036062012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lapc.2013.6711862","title":"A practical approach of VLC architecture for smart city","display_name":"A practical approach of VLC architecture for smart city","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2036062012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lapc.2013.6711862","mag":"2036062012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lapc.2013.6711862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lapc.2013.6711862","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lapc.2013.6711862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407089360","display_name":"Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 Loughborough Antennas &amp; Propagation Conference (LAPC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090999538","display_name":"Shahid Ayub","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9601-8429","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9601-8429"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahid Ayub","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK","Sch. of Comput. & Commun., Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Comput. & Commun., Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037724783","display_name":"Sharadha Kariyawasam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138034","display_name":"HW Communications (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mmty540","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138034"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharadha Kariyawasam","raw_affiliation_strings":["HW Communications Ltd, Lancaster, UK","HW Commun. Ltd., Lancaster, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HW Communications Ltd, Lancaster, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HW Commun. Ltd., Lancaster, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008281598","display_name":"Mahsa Honary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5966-2197","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5966-2197"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138034","display_name":"HW Communications (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mmty540","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138034"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahsa Honary","raw_affiliation_strings":["HW Communications Ltd, Lancaster, UK","HW Commun. Ltd., Lancaster, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HW Communications Ltd, Lancaster, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HW Commun. Ltd., Lancaster, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138034"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111860929","display_name":"Bahram Honary","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bahram Honary","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK","Sch. of Comput. & Commun., Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Comput. & Commun., Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2467,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9262805,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"visible light communication","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-city-architecture","display_name":"smart city architecture","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband-access","display_name":"broadband access","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"quality of service","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless-communication","display_name":"optical wireless communication","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-state-lighting","display_name":"solid-state lighting","score":0.8190000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.9296064972877502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.717918872833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7070122957229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6440838575363159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.6174002289772034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5997488498687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5653828382492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.5313278436660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5243099927902222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5193684697151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.518126904964447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125599584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15057100","display_name":"Broadband networks","level":3,"score":0.4930667579174042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85608190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922050","display_name":"Wireless broadband","level":4,"score":0.4607385993003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105868","display_name":"Smart lighting","level":2,"score":0.4436787962913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.4184374213218689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3410962224006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.21128523349761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20370879769325256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14904266595840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1469164788722992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.11474055051803589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.10238257050514221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lapc.2013.6711862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lapc.2013.6711862","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lapc.2013.6711862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407089360","display_name":"Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 Loughborough Antennas &amp; Propagation Conference (LAPC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:75779","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/75779/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Contribution in Book/Report/Proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8970999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"score":0.8787999749183655,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W628907222","https://openalex.org/W1503835506","https://openalex.org/W1564533776","https://openalex.org/W1666853924","https://openalex.org/W1969564620","https://openalex.org/W2060807102","https://openalex.org/W2128039230","https://openalex.org/W2144644352"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7133459577","https://openalex.org/W3043991896","https://openalex.org/W3089302914","https://openalex.org/W7123686582","https://openalex.org/W1545663851","https://openalex.org/W3177198801","https://openalex.org/W4385485168","https://openalex.org/W4385655945","https://openalex.org/W2909557065","https://openalex.org/W7133393988"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,106,208],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,51,89,122,130,151,175,192,204,228,238],"this":[3],"paper":[4,233],"is":[5,33,139,252],"to":[6,70,78,133,200,215,268],"introduce":[7],"maturing":[8],"visible":[9,201],"light":[10,182,202],"communication":[11,146],"(VLC)":[12],"technology":[13,18,64,169],"as":[14,39,43,180],"a":[15,46,68,140,229],"candidate":[16],"bearer":[17,104],"for":[19,160,188],"supporting":[20],"seamless":[21,80],"high":[22,107,240],"speed":[23,108,241],"broadband":[24,242],"connectivity":[25,81,90,199,243],"in":[26,91,127,143,165,172,247],"smart":[27,31,40,47,72,92,230],"city":[28,32,69,93,224],"architecture.":[29],"A":[30],"one":[34],"which":[35],"uses":[36],"its":[37,83],"resources":[38],"and":[41,60,65,73,95,156,196,218,261],"efficient":[42],"possible.":[44],"In":[45],"city,":[48],"the":[49,52,113,119,134,158,161,190,193,205,223,235],"structures":[50],"various":[53],"urban":[54,270],"systems":[55],"are":[56,77,87,97,115,149,266],"made":[57],"clear,":[58],"simple,":[59],"responsive":[61],"via":[62],"contemporary":[63],"design.":[66],"For":[67],"become":[71],"efficient,":[74],"key":[75],"challenges":[76,260],"have":[79],"among":[82],"functional":[84],"layers.":[85],"There":[86],"layers":[88],"architecture":[94,227,237],"these":[96],"based":[98,103],"on":[99],"commercially":[100],"available":[101],"RF":[102,123,153,194,216],"technologies.":[105],"data":[109],"services":[110,131],"demand":[111,155,191],"from":[112],"users":[114],"increasing":[116],"continuously,":[117],"but":[118],"limited":[120],"availability":[121],"bandwidth":[124,154],"has":[125,170,210],"resulted":[126,171],"poor":[128],"quality":[129],"(QoS)":[132],"users.":[135],"However,":[136],"now":[137],"there":[138],"growing":[141],"trend":[142],"exploring":[144],"alternative":[145],"technologies":[147,178],"that":[148,265],"capable":[150],"reducing":[152],"improve":[157],"QoS":[159],"user.":[162],"Recent":[163],"improvements":[164],"solid":[166],"state":[167],"lighting":[168,225],"attracting":[173],"attention":[174],"optical":[176,206],"wireless":[177,198],"such":[179],"Visible":[181],"communication.":[183],"It":[184],"can":[185,219],"be":[186],"used":[187],"easing":[189],"spectrum":[195,213,217],"migrating":[197],"region":[203],"spectrum.":[207],"VLC":[209,246],"an":[211],"infinite":[212],"comparison":[214],"harmoniously":[220],"integrate":[221],"into":[222],"network":[226],"city.":[231],"This":[232,250],"introduces":[234],"novel":[236],"obtaining":[239],"by":[244],"integrating":[245],"Smart":[248],"Cities.":[249],"approach":[251],"discussed":[253],"with":[254],"practical":[255],"measurements,":[256],"architectural":[257],"designs,":[258],"technological":[259],"future":[262],"development":[263],"trends":[264],"relevant":[267],"modern":[269],"cities.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
