{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2035955405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.104.3.169","title":"Autocontingencies: A model for subtle behavioral control.","display_name":"Autocontingencies: A model for subtle behavioral control.","publication_year":1975,"publication_date":"1975-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2035955405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.104.3.169","mag":"2035955405"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0096-3445.104.3.169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.104.3.169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.104.3.169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62013203","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology General","issn_l":"0096-3445","issn":["0096-3445","1939-2222"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109224879","display_name":"Hank Davis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hank Davis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042049036","display_name":"John Memmott","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Memmott","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076081800","display_name":"Harry M. B. Hurwitz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harry M. Hurwitz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0955,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95905124,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"104","issue":"3","first_page":"169","last_page":"188"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.7724999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.7724999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.12359999865293503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.047200001776218414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-control","display_name":"behavioral control","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contingency-learning","display_name":"contingency learning","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-interval-schedules","display_name":"fixed-interval schedules","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalloping","display_name":"scalloping","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deceleration","display_name":"deceleration","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punishment","display_name":"punishment","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditioned-suppression","display_name":"conditioned suppression","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safety-signals","display_name":"safety signals","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classical-conditioning","display_name":"classical conditioning","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operant-conditioning","display_name":"operant conditioning","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aversive-stimuli","display_name":"aversive stimuli","score":0.609000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8042101860046387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5839859843254089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5550020933151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5436649918556213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163270606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847079","display_name":"Operant conditioning","level":3,"score":0.4547998905181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4326665699481964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4308754503726959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.4277493953704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39617858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212737","display_name":"Classical conditioning","level":3,"score":0.42535439133644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45262634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159291","display_name":"Conditioning","level":2,"score":0.3967798948287964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3551172614097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1087111234664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10534650087356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0096-3445.104.3.169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.104.3.169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.104.3.169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62013203","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology General","issn_l":"0096-3445","issn":["0096-3445","1939-2222"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62013203","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology General","issn_l":"0096-3445","issn":["0096-3445","1939-2222"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98496225","https://openalex.org/W1894358115","https://openalex.org/W1964816982","https://openalex.org/W1971140459","https://openalex.org/W1985093654","https://openalex.org/W1986685554","https://openalex.org/W1992508934","https://openalex.org/W1999493896","https://openalex.org/W1999855517","https://openalex.org/W2004107064","https://openalex.org/W2004694588","https://openalex.org/W2014452591","https://openalex.org/W2015556500","https://openalex.org/W2016778782","https://openalex.org/W2017464853","https://openalex.org/W2019935282","https://openalex.org/W2025384932","https://openalex.org/W2032592094","https://openalex.org/W2043260653","https://openalex.org/W2047061747","https://openalex.org/W2058919620","https://openalex.org/W2059906708","https://openalex.org/W2067109128","https://openalex.org/W2068038249","https://openalex.org/W2068379345","https://openalex.org/W2069554862","https://openalex.org/W2076661701","https://openalex.org/W2080553086","https://openalex.org/W2086062876","https://openalex.org/W2091144676","https://openalex.org/W2091862151","https://openalex.org/W2097300244","https://openalex.org/W2105662319","https://openalex.org/W2112114845","https://openalex.org/W2118721889","https://openalex.org/W2120722526","https://openalex.org/W2126008037","https://openalex.org/W2136899838","https://openalex.org/W2148222989","https://openalex.org/W2159591784","https://openalex.org/W2171351758","https://openalex.org/W2745567138","https://openalex.org/W2798944292","https://openalex.org/W3171586585"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021086380","https://openalex.org/W4233895547","https://openalex.org/W2085011104","https://openalex.org/W320414377","https://openalex.org/W151943265","https://openalex.org/W2751961502","https://openalex.org/W2060973569","https://openalex.org/W208992053","https://openalex.org/W2089519311","https://openalex.org/W1526366739"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SUMMARY":[0],"In":[1],"this":[2],"article":[3],"we":[4],"are":[5,50,59,111,211],"concerned":[6],"with":[7],"the":[8,65,75,132,158,171,188,192,198,206,225,265,277,318,325,330,338,374,379,398],"often":[9,186,212],"surprising":[10],"degree":[11,339,387],"of":[12,47,67,74,80,96,116,152,167,219,224,227,243,264,299,317,327,333,340,373,388],"behavioral":[13,86,183,362],"control":[14,87,341,363],"exerted":[15,342],"by":[16,88,291,343,364,401],"what":[17],"are,":[18],"in":[19,64,260,276,312,336,347],"many":[20],"cases,":[21],"unscheduled":[22],"and":[23,43,98,106,222,245,310],"unintended":[24],"relationships":[25,48,55,380],"between":[26,34],"important":[27],"experimental":[28,241,266],"events.":[29],"A":[30],"distinction":[31],"is":[32,91,144],"proposed":[33],"traditional":[35,353],"contingencies":[36],"(i.e.,":[37,329],"if":[38],"event":[39,41,68,81],"X-then":[40],"Y)":[42],"a":[44,94,114,147,292,297,306,352,385],"second":[45],"class":[46],"which":[49,56,71,102,118,139,179,367],"termed":[51],"autocontingencies.":[52],"The":[53,371],"logical":[54],"generate":[57],"autocontingencies":[58,201,228,382],"derived":[60],"from":[61,93,214,230],"systematic":[62],"constraints":[63],"distribution":[66],"Y":[69],"itself,":[70],"allow":[72],"prediction":[73],"subsequent":[76],"occurrence":[77],"or":[78,135,396],"absence":[79],"Y.":[82],"Supportive":[83],"evidence":[84],"for":[85,221,248,350],"autocontingen":[89,344,365,402],"cies":[90,366],"presented":[92],"survey":[95],"operant":[97],"Pavlovian":[99],"conditioning":[100],"procedures":[101],"involve":[103,202],"both":[104],"appetitive":[105],"aversive":[107],"stimuli.":[108],"Autocontingency":[109],"effects":[110,210],"examined":[112],"within":[113],"variety":[115],"situations":[117],"include":[119],"such":[120],"well-established":[121],"phenomena":[122],"as":[123,129,131],"scalloping":[134],"under":[125,146],"fixed-interval":[126,148],"food":[127],"schedules,":[128],"well":[130],"reverse":[133],"negatively":[136],"accelerated":[137],"responding":[138,143,275,314],"occurs":[140],"when":[141],"food-reinforced":[142],"punished":[145],"schedule.":[149],"An":[150,216],"analysis":[151],"several":[153],"recently":[154],"published":[155],"experiments":[156],"suggests":[157,383],"possibility":[159],"that":[160,200,208,287,384],"subjects":[161,271],"may":[162,391],"occasionally":[163],"have":[164,185],"become":[165],"aware":[166],"an":[168],"autocpntingency":[169],"before":[170],"experimenter":[172],"who":[173],"programmed":[174],"it":[175],"did.":[176],"These":[177,321],"experiments,":[178],"typically":[180],"yield":[181],"puzzling":[182],"effects,":[184],"forced":[187],"underlying":[189,381],"autocontingency":[190],"into":[191],"investigator's":[193],"attention.":[194],"Such":[195],"instances":[196],"support":[197,220],"notion":[199],"subtle":[307],"relationships,":[204],"despite":[205],"fact":[207],"their":[209],"far":[213],"subtle.":[215],"additional":[217],"source":[218],"elaboration":[223],"concept":[226],"comes":[229],"our":[231,348],"own":[232],"conditioned":[233],"suppression":[234],"data.":[235],"We":[236],"exposed":[237],"rats":[238],"to":[239,257,377,394],"different":[240],"arrangements":[242],"signal":[309],"shock.":[246,320],"Subjects":[247,346],"whom":[249,351],"no":[250],"preceded":[252],"each":[253,281],"shock":[254,282,301],"delivery":[255,283],"learned":[256,286],"find":[258],"safety":[308],"more":[261],"features":[263],"situation.":[267],"For":[268],"example,":[269],"these":[270],"showed":[272],"reliably":[273,356],"increased":[274],"brief":[278],"periods":[279],"following":[280,315],"once":[284],"they":[285],"shocks":[288],"were":[289,368],"separated":[290],"minimum":[293],"3-min":[294],"interval.":[295],"Similarly,":[296],"constraint":[298],"three":[300],"deliveries":[302],"per":[303],"session":[304],"yielded":[305],"resulted":[311],"enhanced":[313],"offset":[316],"third":[319],"data":[322],"also":[323],"suggest":[324],"function":[326],"need":[328],"simultaneous":[331],"presence":[332],"other":[334],"predictors)":[335],"determining":[337],"cies.":[345,403],"experiment":[349],"tone-shock":[354],"contingency":[355],"produced":[357],"warning":[358],"did":[359],"not":[360],"show":[361],"simultaneously":[369],"available.":[370],"use":[372],"term":[375],"describe":[378],"certain":[386],"neurological":[389],"sophistication":[390],"be":[392],"necessary":[393],"integrate":[395],"process":[397],"information":[399],"provided":[400],"Pre":[404]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}