{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2035944324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/imammb/12.3-4.297","title":"Meta-analysis and the synthesis of evidence","display_name":"Meta-analysis and the synthesis of evidence","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2035944324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/imammb/12.3-4.297","mag":"2035944324","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8919565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/imammb/12.3-4.297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/imammb/12.3-4.297","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/imammb/12.3-4.297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193328","display_name":"Mathematical Medicine and Biology A Journal of the IMA","issn_l":"1477-8599","issn":["1477-8599","1477-8602"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematical Medicine and Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004828576","display_name":"Keith R. Abrams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7557-1567","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7557-1567"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"KEITH ABRAMS","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051377526","display_name":"David R.H. Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8028-7571","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8028-7571"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DAVID R. JONES","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Leicester 22-28 Princess Road West, Leicester LE1 6TP, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Leicester 22-28 Princess Road West, Leicester LE1 6TP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"],"apc_list":{"value":2819,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3718},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8831,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78271919,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3-4","first_page":"297","last_page":"313"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-analysis","display_name":"meta-analysis","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidence-synthesis","display_name":"evidence synthesis","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-effects-model","display_name":"fixed effects model","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-effects-model","display_name":"random effects models","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-effects-models","display_name":"mixed models","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-analysis","display_name":"Bayesian analysis","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilevel-modelling","display_name":"multilevel modelling","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-hierarchical-model","display_name":"Bayesian hierarchical model","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-services-research","display_name":"health services research","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-meta-analysis","display_name":"history of meta-analysis","score":0.9120000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168743327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1826427","display_name":"Random effects model","level":3,"score":0.6607944965362549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.6496787071228027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.605282187461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.5647082924842834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53059260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel model","level":2,"score":0.49698498845100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.471659779548645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101112237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874481","display_name":"Bayesian statistics","level":4,"score":0.44703686237335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4182612895965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4131006896495819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.37666234374046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160234255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535","display_name":"Bayesian inference","level":3,"score":0.3424113392829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.23763620853424072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2127315104007721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17153283953666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12412339448928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08726021647453308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008403","descriptor_name":"Mass Screening","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008433","descriptor_name":"Mathematics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015201","descriptor_name":"Meta-Analysis as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/imammb/12.3-4.297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/imammb/12.3-4.297","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/imammb/12.3-4.297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193328","display_name":"Mathematical Medicine and Biology A Journal of the IMA","issn_l":"1477-8599","issn":["1477-8599","1477-8602"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematical Medicine and Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8919565","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8919565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IMA journal of mathematics applied in medicine and biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.1027.6667","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1027.6667","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://imammb.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/3-4/297.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lra.le.ac.uk:2381/25759","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2381/25759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402365","display_name":"Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","host_organization_name":"University of Leicester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099163152","https://openalex.org/W2103552945","https://openalex.org/W2401549903","https://openalex.org/W4416994776","https://openalex.org/W9148803","https://openalex.org/W563305734","https://openalex.org/W2025007475","https://openalex.org/W1987122886","https://openalex.org/W2144315864","https://openalex.org/W1580781770"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Use":[0],"of":[1,13,23,34,44,55,74,81,108,125,130],"meta-analytical":[2],"(quantitative":[3],"overview)":[4],"techniques":[5],"is":[6],"now":[7],"commonplace":[8],"in":[9,20,28,89,97,110],"a":[10,17],"large":[11],"range":[12],"medical-research":[14],"contexts,":[15],"with":[16,92],"rapid":[18],"rise":[19],"its":[21,95],"frequency":[22],"use":[24],"being":[25],"particularly":[26],"apparent":[27],"the":[29,77,106,123],"last":[30],"decade.":[31],"Many":[32],"methods":[33,52],"meta-analysis":[35,75],"have":[36],"been":[37],"proposed":[38],"and":[39,69,76,79,100,117],"used,":[40],"from":[41,127],"crude":[42],"'vote-counting'":[43],"studies":[45],"showing":[46],"significant":[47],"or":[48,61],"nonsignificant":[49],"results,":[50],"through":[51],"for":[53],"combination":[54,124],"effect-size":[56],"estimates":[57],"based":[58],"on":[59],"fixed-":[60],"random-effects":[62],"models,":[63],"to":[64,84,94,105,121],"general,":[65],"linear,":[66],"mixed":[67],"models":[68,120],"Bayesian":[70,119],"methods.":[71],"The":[72],"history":[73],"advantages":[78],"disadvantages":[80],"various":[82],"approaches":[83,104],"it":[85],"are":[86,132],"briefly":[87],"reviewed":[88],"this":[90],"paper,":[91],"reference":[93],"application":[96],"health-services":[98],"research":[99],"related":[101],"fields.":[102],"Broader":[103],"synthesis":[107],"evidence":[109,126],"these":[111],"contexts":[112],"using":[113],"conventional":[114],"multilevel":[115],"modelling":[116],"hierarchical":[118],"address":[122],"disparate":[128],"types":[129],"study":[131],"then":[133],"outlined.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
