{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2035600718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.72.6.1165","title":"Psychopathy, IQ, and Violence in European American and African American County Jail Inmates.","display_name":"Psychopathy, IQ, and Violence in European American and African American County Jail Inmates.","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2035600718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.72.6.1165","mag":"2035600718","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15612862"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.6.1165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.72.6.1165","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.72.6.1165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118719888","display_name":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology","issn_l":"0022-006X","issn":["0022-006X","1939-2117"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112603217","display_name":"Zach Walsh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189273616","display_name":"Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/04fegvg32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189273616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zach Walsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA. zcwalsh@hotmail.com","Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA. zcwalsh@hotmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189273616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189273616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024813047","display_name":"Marc T. Swogger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3662-9084","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3662-9084"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189273616","display_name":"Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/04fegvg32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189273616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc T. Swogger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, US"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3662-9084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189273616"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102835703","display_name":"David S. Kosson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6193-0071","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6193-0071"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189273616","display_name":"Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/04fegvg32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189273616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David S. Kosson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189273616"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189273616"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3996,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88053832,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"6","first_page":"1165","last_page":"1169"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10565","display_name":"Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10565","display_name":"Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychopathy","display_name":"psychopathy","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligence-quotient","display_name":"intelligence quotient","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violence-prediction","display_name":"violence prediction","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-violence","display_name":"criminal violence","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychopathy-checklist-revised","display_name":"Psychopathy Checklist-Revised","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jail-inmates","display_name":"jail inmates","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-offenders","display_name":"African American offenders","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-differences","display_name":"ethnic differences","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offender-assessment","display_name":"offender assessment","score":0.32199999690055847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521466935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366886","display_name":"Psychopathy","level":3,"score":0.9529474377632141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8193708658218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779991790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1033930","display_name":"Psychopathy Checklist","level":5,"score":0.7927017211914062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776276179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118418","display_name":"Antisocial personality disorder","level":4,"score":0.642870306968689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.5400780439376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.4563610255718231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.4462519884109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3615916967391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.33969777822494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.3385455310344696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.206476092338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0618685781955719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000987","descriptor_name":"Antisocial Personality Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000987","descriptor_name":"Antisocial Personality Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003072","descriptor_name":"Cognition Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003072","descriptor_name":"Cognition Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011329","descriptor_name":"Prisoners","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011330","descriptor_name":"Prisons","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014754","descriptor_name":"Violence","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014888","descriptor_name":"Wechsler Scales","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044383","descriptor_name":"Black People","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D044465","descriptor_name":"White People","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.6.1165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.72.6.1165","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.72.6.1165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118719888","display_name":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology","issn_l":"0022-006X","issn":["0022-006X","1939-2117"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15612862","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15612862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8560000061988831,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1683643580","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MH57714","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1691503297","display_name":"COGNITIVE PROCESSING DEFICITS OF CRIMINAL PSYCHOPATHS","funder_award_id":"R01MH057714","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3486581500","display_name":"MECHANISMS UNDERLYING AND ANTECEDENTS OF PSYCHOPATHY","funder_award_id":"R29MH049111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8690737799","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MH49111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W189522168","https://openalex.org/W656845515","https://openalex.org/W1484864026","https://openalex.org/W1586862565","https://openalex.org/W1964267447","https://openalex.org/W1975195775","https://openalex.org/W1981061473","https://openalex.org/W1987527487","https://openalex.org/W2031024199","https://openalex.org/W2031789635","https://openalex.org/W2038324643","https://openalex.org/W2047653279","https://openalex.org/W2053174417","https://openalex.org/W2057246141","https://openalex.org/W2085377435","https://openalex.org/W2164918413","https://openalex.org/W2168019006","https://openalex.org/W2196461893","https://openalex.org/W2331797066","https://openalex.org/W2501609791","https://openalex.org/W2751792106","https://openalex.org/W4249980598","https://openalex.org/W4251537341","https://openalex.org/W4254890868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2311352533","https://openalex.org/W4387661455","https://openalex.org/W2070388742","https://openalex.org/W2089975712","https://openalex.org/W2135096753","https://openalex.org/W2059981126","https://openalex.org/W2014712805","https://openalex.org/W2891913299","https://openalex.org/W1975238126","https://openalex.org/W1987527487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,78],"accuracy":[1,38],"of":[2,5,39,56,68,81,97,107,119],"the":[3,37,43,46,58,95,100,104],"prediction":[4,124],"criminal":[6],"violence":[7,40,98,123],"may":[8],"be":[9],"improved":[10],"by":[11,51],"combining":[12],"psychopathy":[13,35,82],"with":[14],"other":[15],"variables":[16],"that":[17,27],"have":[18],"been":[19],"found":[20],"to":[21],"predict":[22],"violence.":[23],"Research":[24],"has":[25],"suggested":[26],"assessing":[28],"intelligence":[29],"(i.e.,":[30],"IQ)":[31],"as":[32,34],"well":[33],"improves":[36],"prediction.":[41],"In":[42],"present":[44],"study,":[45],"authors":[47],"tested":[48],"this":[49],"hypothesis":[50],"using":[52],"a":[53,66],"contemporary":[54],"measure":[55],"psychopathy,":[57],"Psychopathy":[59,112],"Checklist--Revised":[60],"(R.":[61],"D.":[62],"Hare,":[63],"2003),":[64],"in":[65,94],"sample":[67],"326":[69],"European":[70],"American":[71,75],"and":[72,89,99],"348":[73],"African":[74],"male":[76],"offenders.":[77],"postdictive":[79,105],"power":[80,106],"was":[83,109],"evident":[84],"for":[85,122],"both":[86],"ethnic":[87],"groups":[88],"robust":[90],"across":[91],"most":[92],"changes":[93],"operationalization":[96],"analysis":[101],"conducted,":[102],"whereas":[103],"IQ":[108,114],"not.":[110],"No":[111],"x":[113],"interactions":[115],"were":[116],"identified.":[117],"Implications":[118],"these":[120],"results":[121],"are":[125],"discussed.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}