{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2034975645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343392029001007","title":"Warfare-Welfare Expenditure Substitutions in Latin America, 1953-87","display_name":"Warfare-Welfare Expenditure Substitutions in Latin America, 1953-87","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2034975645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343392029001007","mag":"2034975645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0022343392029001007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343392029001007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343392029001007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71119591","display_name":"Journal of Peace Research","issn_l":"0022-3433","issn":["0022-3433","1460-3578"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Peace Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058948327","display_name":"Bobby E. Apostolakis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"BOBBY E APOSTOLAKIS","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, the University of Texas at San Antonio and the Athens Independent School of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, the University of Texas at San Antonio and the Athens Independent School of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058948327"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25928163,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":"85","last_page":"98"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13042","display_name":"Economic and Fiscal Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defense-spending","display_name":"defense spending","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-spending","display_name":"social spending","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowding-out","display_name":"crowding out","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-works","display_name":"public works","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-costs","display_name":"health care costs","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-expenditure","display_name":"education expenditure","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-security","display_name":"social security","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latin-america","display_name":"Latin America","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-sovereignty","display_name":"state sovereignty","score":0.4790000021457672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158886217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16799549","display_name":"Latin Americans","level":2,"score":0.6573107242584229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.5612770318984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779448149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191797","display_name":"Aggression","level":2,"score":0.507030725479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536738050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3249071","display_name":"Social Welfare","level":2,"score":0.4973037540912628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.4420740306377411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186229450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008","display_name":"Sovereignty","level":3,"score":0.4127199053764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.39843615889549255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3344210982322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3265622854232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.3252452611923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.29218626022338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.19830089807510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1629982888698578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1395149528980255}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0022343392029001007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343392029001007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343392029001007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71119591","display_name":"Journal of Peace Research","issn_l":"0022-3433","issn":["0022-3433","1460-3578"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Peace Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:joupea:v:29:y:1992:i:1:p:85-98","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://jpr.sagepub.com/content/29/1/85.abstract","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W416562600","https://openalex.org/W839399951","https://openalex.org/W1498714285","https://openalex.org/W1552578045","https://openalex.org/W1974933002","https://openalex.org/W1978826670","https://openalex.org/W1994190266","https://openalex.org/W2016386943","https://openalex.org/W2023830004","https://openalex.org/W2041004360","https://openalex.org/W2069663718","https://openalex.org/W2070245316","https://openalex.org/W2078962644","https://openalex.org/W2091862191","https://openalex.org/W2094701196","https://openalex.org/W2097891855","https://openalex.org/W2098990467","https://openalex.org/W2110110247","https://openalex.org/W2110164633","https://openalex.org/W2111430133","https://openalex.org/W2129639386","https://openalex.org/W2139869891","https://openalex.org/W2144967122","https://openalex.org/W2157334852","https://openalex.org/W2271698576","https://openalex.org/W2315263090","https://openalex.org/W2318028334","https://openalex.org/W2331955793","https://openalex.org/W2333188793","https://openalex.org/W2404165409","https://openalex.org/W2477250602","https://openalex.org/W2514796874","https://openalex.org/W2802859071","https://openalex.org/W2806462504","https://openalex.org/W2891503265","https://openalex.org/W4233162124","https://openalex.org/W4234984735","https://openalex.org/W4243200107","https://openalex.org/W4251003384"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2339960347","https://openalex.org/W2958446247","https://openalex.org/W2045168897","https://openalex.org/W2091697681","https://openalex.org/W255332300","https://openalex.org/W148547262","https://openalex.org/W4231952402","https://openalex.org/W2895753025","https://openalex.org/W1992401918","https://openalex.org/W2026586227"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,149],"use":[2],"of":[3,35,70,144,151,174,194],"any":[4,191],"resource":[5],"has":[6,166],"an":[7,63,67],"opportunity":[8],"cost":[9],"in":[10,87,126,141],"the":[11,32,44,47,71,93,113,127,135,145,182],"alternative":[12,98],"instances":[13],"that":[14,23,142,157],"are":[15,26],"foregone;":[16],"it":[17,165],"is":[18,56,147,162],"a":[19,40,122],"common":[20],"thesis":[21],"though":[22],"some":[24],"burdens":[25],"more":[27],"burdensome":[28],"than":[29,189],"others.":[30],"Frequently,":[31],"net":[33],"effect":[34],"defense":[36,75],"spending":[37,52],"calls":[38],"for":[39,116,184],"careful":[41],"investigation.":[42],"In":[43,131],"relevant":[45],"literature,":[46],"suspected":[48],"trade-off":[49,73,140],"between":[50,74],"military":[51,109],"and":[53,66,76,84,179],"social":[54,82,117],"needs":[55,79],"not":[57],"entirely":[58],"inexplicable.":[59],"This":[60],"study":[61],"presents":[62],"overall":[64],"view":[65],"empirical":[68],"testing":[69],"alleged":[72],"other":[77,192],"public":[78,85],"(health,":[80],"education,":[81],"security,":[83],"works)":[86],"nineteen":[88],"Latin":[89,158],"American":[90,159],"nations":[91],"during":[92],"period":[94],"1953-87.":[95],"Via":[96],"three":[97],"econometric":[99],"specifications":[100],"based":[101],"on":[102,169,181,190],"time-series":[103],"data,":[104],"we":[105],"conclude":[106],"that,":[107],"overwhelmingly,":[108],"expenses":[110],"crowd":[111],"out":[112],"potential":[114,183],"allocations":[115],"upgrading.":[118],"We,":[119],"also,":[120],"find":[121],"positive":[123],"link":[124],"only":[125],"defense-public":[128],"works":[129],"spending.":[130],"its":[132],"majority,":[133],"therefore,":[134],"warfare-welfare":[136],"(guns":[137],"vs.":[138],"butter)":[139],"region":[143],"world":[146],"confirmed.":[148],"pattern":[150],"these":[152],"35":[153],"years":[154],"strongly":[155],"suggests":[156],"arms":[160],"buying":[161],"based,":[163],"as":[164],"traditionally":[167],"been,":[168],"perceived":[170],"service":[171],"needs,":[172],"motives":[173],"national":[175],"or":[176],"personal":[177],"sovereignty,":[178],"occasionally":[180],"conflicts":[185],"with":[186],"neighbors":[187],"rather":[188],"threat":[193],"aggression.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}