{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2034735276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-769x.2003.00139.x","title":"Truth and validity in grounded theory \u2013 a reconsidered realist interpretation of the criteria: fit, work, relevance and modifiability","display_name":"Truth and validity in grounded theory \u2013 a reconsidered realist interpretation of the criteria: fit, work, relevance and modifiability","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2034735276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-769x.2003.00139.x","mag":"2034735276","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12969449"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1046/j.1466-769x.2003.00139.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-769x.2003.00139.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-769x.2003.00139.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129250341","display_name":"Nursing Philosophy","issn_l":"1466-7681","issn":["1466-7681","1466-769X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nursing Philosophy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027676028","display_name":"Kirsten Elisabeth Lomborg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5809-3508","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5809-3508"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802335433","display_name":"Aarhus University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/040r8fr65","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802335433"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kirsten Lomborg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark. k-lomborg@akh.aaa.dk","Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark,","PhD Student, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark, and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark. k-lomborg@akh.aaa.dk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD Student, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark, and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802335433"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042534616","display_name":"Marit Kirkevold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3979-0631","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3979-0631"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK","NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marit Kirkevold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark,","Professor, Institute of Nursing Science, University of Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor, Institute of Nursing Science, University of Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027676028"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017","https://openalex.org/I2802335433"],"apc_list":{"value":3920,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3920},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.5089,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":159,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98499555,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"189","last_page":"200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12880","display_name":"Qualitative Research Methods and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12880","display_name":"Qualitative Research Methods and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12953","display_name":"Critical Realism in Sociology","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grounded-theory","display_name":"grounded theory","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truth","display_name":"truth","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/validity","display_name":"validity","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realism","display_name":"realism","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-standards","display_name":"quality standards","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"epistemology","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"ontology","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-construction-of-reality","display_name":"social construction of reality","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing-research-methodology","display_name":"nursing research methodology","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-evaluation","display_name":"theory evaluation","score":0.6589999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.7571790814399719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.6368071436882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.580259382724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776548248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12621536","display_name":"Judgement","level":2,"score":0.5588786602020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156325361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152864","display_name":"Grounded theory","level":3,"score":0.5580503940582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.4881308972835541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.474814772605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4323107600212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4273782968521118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3949931263923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.31675654649734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.1579861044883728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1373519003391266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.13480237126350403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.12902137637138367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009742","descriptor_name":"Nursing Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010687","descriptor_name":"Philosophy, Nursing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015399","descriptor_name":"Nursing Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1046/j.1466-769x.2003.00139.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-769x.2003.00139.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-769x.2003.00139.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129250341","display_name":"Nursing Philosophy","issn_l":"1466-7681","issn":["1466-7681","1466-769X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nursing Philosophy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12969449","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12969449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nursing philosophy : an international journal for healthcare professionals","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/c79b9ef0-983e-11da-bee9-02004c4f4f50","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/c79b9ef0-983e-11da-bee9-02004c4f4f50","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Lomborg, K & Kirkevold, M 2003, 'Truth and validity in grounded theory - a reconsidered realist interpretation of the criteria fit, work, relevance and modifiability', Nursing Philosophy, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 189-200.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W650233180","https://openalex.org/W1538179437","https://openalex.org/W1785520540","https://openalex.org/W2012180915","https://openalex.org/W2037319600","https://openalex.org/W2039264823","https://openalex.org/W2048359311","https://openalex.org/W2051935429","https://openalex.org/W2061093146","https://openalex.org/W2078345587","https://openalex.org/W2080672315","https://openalex.org/W2094157276","https://openalex.org/W2096451369","https://openalex.org/W2113017733","https://openalex.org/W2120497037","https://openalex.org/W2329395632","https://openalex.org/W2525730749","https://openalex.org/W3022607203","https://openalex.org/W4210822710","https://openalex.org/W4233016641","https://openalex.org/W4233813450","https://openalex.org/W4251881508"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7165134408","https://openalex.org/W2766846771","https://openalex.org/W1990333082","https://openalex.org/W2073378767","https://openalex.org/W2083946502","https://openalex.org/W4298841815","https://openalex.org/W2396332230","https://openalex.org/W2081007017","https://openalex.org/W4288062326","https://openalex.org/W7054712379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Grounded":[0],"theory":[1],"is":[2,86,160,165,180],"a":[3,58,72,76,181,203],"frequently":[4],"used":[5],"approach":[6],"in":[7,17,57,137,162,187,209],"nursing":[8],"research.":[9],"Over":[10],"the":[11,13,32,35,50,98,131,143,157,168,200,210,214],"years":[12],"methodology":[14],"has":[15],"developed":[16],"different":[18,61],"directions":[19],"with":[20,148],"ambiguous":[21],"answers":[22],"to":[23,54,113,121,185,198,206],"questions":[24],"of":[25,34,40,103,133,142,146,156,183,202,213,216],"truth":[26],"and":[27,46,63,96,100,119,139,194,205],"validity.":[28],"This":[29],"ambiguity":[30],"influences":[31],"interpretation":[33],"criteria":[36,191],"for":[37],"quality":[38,215],"judgement":[39],"grounded":[41,217],"theories:":[42],"fit,":[43],"work,":[44,192],"relevance":[45,193],"modifiability.":[47],"In":[48],"particular,":[49],"criterion":[51],"fit":[52,179],"seems":[53],"be":[55,68,111,122,127,207],"caught":[56],"vacuum":[59],"between":[60],"epistemological":[62],"ontological":[64],"positions.":[65],"Fit":[66],"can":[67,109,126],"interpreted":[69],"either":[70,110],"from":[71,75],"realist":[73,84,117,158],"or":[74,124,150],"nonrealist":[77,107],"position":[78,85,108,159,178],"but":[79],"both":[80],"present":[81],"problems.":[82],"A":[83,106,154],"problematic":[87],"if":[88],"it":[89,125,173],"insists":[90],"on":[91,115],"an":[92],"immutable":[93],"empirical":[94],"world":[95,144],"ignores":[97],"social":[99,169,188],"psychological":[101],"aspects":[102],"human":[104],"life.":[105],"argued":[112,197],"rely":[114],"hidden":[116],"assumptions":[118],"therefore":[120],"inconsistent,":[123],"relativistic,":[128],"opening":[129],"up":[130],"possibility":[132],"'anything":[134],"goes'":[135],"attitudes":[136],"research":[138],"solipsistic":[140],"confirmations":[141],"view":[145],"researchers":[147],"little":[149],"misleading":[151],"practical":[152],"impact.":[153],"reconsideration":[155],"suggested,":[161],"which":[163],"validity":[164],"regulated":[166],"by":[167],"constructed":[170],"reality":[171],"'as":[172],"really":[174],"is'.":[175],"From":[176],"this":[177],"matter":[182],"correspondence":[184],"facts":[186],"reality.":[189],"The":[190],"modifiability":[195],"are":[196],"support":[199],"fitness":[201],"theory,":[204],"useful":[208],"broader":[211],"evaluation":[212],"theories.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
