{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2034587410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5428(96)90002-2","title":"Intellectual property: America's competitive advantage in the 21st century","display_name":"Intellectual property: America's competitive advantage in the 21st century","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2034587410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5428(96)90002-2","mag":"2034587410"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0022-5428(96)90002-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5428(96)90002-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5428(96)90002-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93879372","display_name":"The Columbia Journal of World Business","issn_l":"0022-5428","issn":["0022-5428","1873-7536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Columbia Journal of World Business","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056168856","display_name":"Bruce A. Lehman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bruce A. Lehman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056168856"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31804646,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"6","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.638700008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.638700008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.3441999852657318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"intellectual property","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-competitiveness","display_name":"economic competitiveness","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-economy","display_name":"knowledge economy","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/globalization","display_name":"globalization","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-innovation","display_name":"technological innovation","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-investment","display_name":"R&D investment","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property-protection","display_name":"intellectual property protection","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-barriers","display_name":"trade barriers","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-economy","display_name":"United States economy","score":0.7179999947547913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.8563297986984253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6696465015411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6266298890113831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2119116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181","display_name":"Globalization","level":2,"score":0.569398820400238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.5660234689712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.46599093079566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4609636962413788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.45046183466911316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4224243760108948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.3964800238609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.3465542793273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.23061540722846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2221909463405609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10202014446258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.07252463698387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0022-5428(96)90002-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5428(96)90002-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5428(96)90002-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93879372","display_name":"The Columbia Journal of World Business","issn_l":"0022-5428","issn":["0022-5428","1873-7536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Columbia Journal of World Business","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W183455983","https://openalex.org/W641686503","https://openalex.org/W1487789383","https://openalex.org/W1518234669","https://openalex.org/W1518942320","https://openalex.org/W1524384888","https://openalex.org/W1547257189","https://openalex.org/W1966861174","https://openalex.org/W1993730542","https://openalex.org/W1994227198","https://openalex.org/W2023001009","https://openalex.org/W2063755965","https://openalex.org/W2064398145","https://openalex.org/W2082897955","https://openalex.org/W2129432581","https://openalex.org/W2165418945","https://openalex.org/W2318460051","https://openalex.org/W2322705999","https://openalex.org/W2326633348","https://openalex.org/W2742297048","https://openalex.org/W2796445405","https://openalex.org/W4241453146","https://openalex.org/W4253288651","https://openalex.org/W4255898196"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7061615779","https://openalex.org/W2057547513","https://openalex.org/W7098489577","https://openalex.org/W1988116342","https://openalex.org/W3215291221","https://openalex.org/W3125615266","https://openalex.org/W2601391881","https://openalex.org/W2278387333","https://openalex.org/W2502608371","https://openalex.org/W3049368906"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}