{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2034498124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.621397","title":"Use of electrochromic materials in adaptive optics","display_name":"Use of electrochromic materials in adaptive optics","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2034498124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.621397","mag":"2034498124"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.621397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.621397","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.621397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035467653","display_name":"Daniel R. Kammler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3815-1109","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3815-1109"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel R. Kammler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112871495","display_name":"William Graham Yelton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William G. Yelton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091631556","display_name":"William C. Sweatt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William C. Sweatt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012238757","display_name":"Jason C. Verley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2184-677X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2184-677X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason C. Verley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"5895","issue":null,"first_page":"58950S","last_page":"58950S"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11128","display_name":"Transition Metal Oxide Nanomaterials","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11128","display_name":"Transition Metal Oxide Nanomaterials","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11050","display_name":"Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13493","display_name":"Optical and Acousto-Optic Technologies","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochromic-materials","display_name":"electrochromic materials","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tungsten-oxide","display_name":"tungsten oxide","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-optics","display_name":"adaptive optics","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-windows","display_name":"smart windows","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabry-perot-filter","display_name":"Fabry-Perot filter","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-light-modulator","display_name":"spatial light modulator","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tunable-filters","display_name":"tunable filters","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-index-change","display_name":"refractive index change","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-conductors","display_name":"proton conductors","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ta2o5","display_name":"tantalum pentoxide","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/switching-speed","display_name":"switching speed","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/absorption","display_name":"absorption","score":0.3310000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101643646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899105","display_name":"Electrochromism","level":3,"score":0.7255715131759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132771110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506922","display_name":"Adaptive optics","level":2,"score":0.6940390467643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987363978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098816","display_name":"Optical materials","level":2,"score":0.6137828826904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5121264457702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48546555638313293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.47928375005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780164141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18206760","display_name":"Electrochromic devices","level":4,"score":0.47859618067741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78854221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756033","display_name":"Nonlinear optics","level":3,"score":0.44719198346138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4420401453971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.18169301748275757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12336689233779907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0846218466758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.621397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.621397","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.621397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338290","display_name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555638009","https://openalex.org/W4241679563","https://openalex.org/W2141317958","https://openalex.org/W3084393049","https://openalex.org/W2464046104","https://openalex.org/W4414481950","https://openalex.org/W7125888348","https://openalex.org/W2907786696","https://openalex.org/W2763521831","https://openalex.org/W2740715750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electrochromic":[0],"(EC)":[1],"materials":[2,33,56,246],"are":[3,49,206,219],"used":[4],"in":[5,26,30,38,57,80,86,156,212,217],"\"smart\"":[6],"windows":[7],"that":[8,73],"can":[9],"be":[10,124,160,233],"darkened":[11],"by":[12,126],"applying":[13],"a":[14,51,99,112,131,143,148],"voltage":[15],"across":[16],"an":[17,105,227],"EC":[18,32,70,107,166,245],"stack":[19],"on":[20,64],"the":[21,31,68,89,128,182,194,210,241],"window.":[22],"The":[23,47],"associated":[24,192,214],"change":[25],"refractive":[27],"index":[28],"(n)":[29],"might":[34,95,123],"allow":[35,139],"their":[36,170],"use":[37],"tunable":[39,100],"or":[40],"temperature-insensitive":[41],"Fabry-Perot":[42,101],"filters":[43],"and":[44,91,111,168,173,189,196,221],"transmissive-spatial-light-modulators":[45],"(SLMs).":[46],"authors":[48],"conducting":[50],"preliminary":[52,238],"evaluation":[53],"of":[54,98,104,244],"these":[55],"many":[58],"applications,":[59],"including":[60],"target-in-the-loop":[61,248],"systems.":[62],"Data":[63],"tungsten":[65],"oxide,":[66],"WO3,":[67],"workhorse":[69],"material,":[71],"indicate":[72],"it's":[74,147,223],"possible":[75,224],"to":[76,180,202,207,225,232],"achieve":[77],"modest":[78],"changes":[79,211,216],"n":[81,218],"with":[82,130,193,215],"only":[83],"slight":[84],"increases":[85],"absorption":[87,213],"between":[88,117,184],"visible":[90],"~10":[92],"\u03bcm.":[93],"This":[94,136],"enable":[96],"construction":[97],"filter":[102],"consisting":[103],"active":[106],"layer":[108],"(e.g.":[109,134],"WO3)":[110],"proton":[113],"conductor":[114,133],"(e.g.Ta2O5)":[115],"sandwiched":[116],"two":[118],"gold":[119,129],"electrodes.":[120],"A":[121],"SLM":[122,137],"produced":[125],"replacing":[127],"transparent":[132],"ITO).":[135],"would":[138,159],"broad-band":[140],"operation":[141],"like":[142,154],"micromirror":[144],"array.":[145],"Since":[146],"transmission":[149],"element,":[150],"simple":[151],"optical":[152,174],"designs":[153],"those":[155],"liquid-crystal":[157],"systems":[158],"possible.":[161],"Our":[162,204],"team":[163],"has":[164],"fabricated":[165],"stacks":[167],"characterized":[169],"switching":[171],"speed":[172],"properties":[175],"(n,":[176],"k).":[177],"We":[178],"plan":[179],"study":[181],"interplay":[183],"process":[185],"parameters,":[186],"film":[187],"properties,":[188],"performance":[190],"characteristics":[191],"FP-filter":[195],"then":[197],"extend":[198],"what":[199],"we":[200],"learn":[201],"SLMs.":[203],"goals":[205],"understand":[208],"whether":[209,222],"acceptable,":[220],"design":[226],"EC-stack":[228],"that's":[229],"fast":[230],"enough":[231],"interesting.":[234],"We'll":[235],"present":[236],"our":[237],"findings":[239],"regarding":[240],"potential":[242],"viability":[243],"for":[247],"applications.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}