{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2034463390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1969.24.2.372","title":"Stimulus Characteristics and Reinforcement in Probability Learning","display_name":"Stimulus Characteristics and Reinforcement in Probability Learning","publication_year":1969,"publication_date":"1969-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2034463390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1969.24.2.372","mag":"2034463390"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2466/pr0.1969.24.2.372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1969.24.2.372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1969.24.2.372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147670119","display_name":"Psychological Reports","issn_l":"0033-2941","issn":["0033-2941","1558-691X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088448377","display_name":"Eugene L. Schwaab","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eugene L. Schwaab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Veterans Administration Hospital, Brockton, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Veterans Administration Hospital, Brockton, Massachusetts","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018893977","display_name":"Henry S. G. Cutter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry S. G. Cutter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Veterans Administration Hospital, Brockton, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Veterans Administration Hospital, Brockton, Massachusetts","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20930233,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"372","last_page":"372"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.45239999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.45239999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.30219998955726624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.1590999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-learning","display_name":"probability learning","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus-characteristics","display_name":"stimulus characteristics","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"reinforcement","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/choice-behavior","display_name":"choice behavior","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-latency","display_name":"response latency","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-choice-task","display_name":"binary choice task","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operant-conditioning","display_name":"operant conditioning","score":0.5379999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.7797966003417969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7537657618522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6658118963241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5241501331329346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4449634850025177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2664206624031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1834717094898224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14348021149635315}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2466/pr0.1969.24.2.372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1969.24.2.372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1969.24.2.372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147670119","display_name":"Psychological Reports","issn_l":"0033-2941","issn":["0033-2941","1558-691X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981808868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2614069615","https://openalex.org/W2081660258","https://openalex.org/W2044815865","https://openalex.org/W2027569185","https://openalex.org/W2011812044","https://openalex.org/W2039022917","https://openalex.org/W2042925032","https://openalex.org/W1972465897","https://openalex.org/W2058938948","https://openalex.org/W2069112414"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,143],"study":[1],"attempted":[2],"to":[3,53,114,121,188,219,227,234,240,253,255],"examine":[4],"the":[5,74,92,115,148,156,171,182,208,211,256,264,282],"influence":[6,33,151],"of":[7,58,76,147,155,158,210,266,271,274,284],"variations":[8],"in":[9,15,135,170,263],"stimulus":[10,30,164,230],"characteristics":[11,31,146],"on":[12,38,61,73,85,281,293],"choice":[13,35],"behavior":[14],"a":[16,39,62,86,118,125,131,163,220,223,294],"binary-choice":[17],"probability":[18,63,132,152,258],"learning":[19,42,64,133,153,190,237,259],"task.":[20],"Earlier":[21],"work":[22,47],"by":[23,216,243,269],"Snelbecker":[24],"and":[25,36,191,222],"Schwaab":[26],"(3)":[27],"suggested":[28,144],"that":[29,67,107,145,206,241],"may":[32],"response":[34,193],"latency":[37],"two-choice":[40],"operant":[41],"cask.":[43],"In":[44],"more":[45],"recent":[46],"(1)":[48],"some":[49,110],"Ss":[50,111,277],"who":[51],"had":[52,69,91],"choose":[54],"between":[55],"two":[56],"pictures":[57],"racing":[59],"cars":[60],"task":[65,116,134,260],"stated":[66],"they":[68,286],"made":[70],"their":[71],"choices":[72],"basis":[75,283],"which":[77,82,90,122,136],"car":[78],"was":[79,83,124,138,197,204,246],"designed":[80],"better,":[81],"driven":[84],"slight":[87],"downhill":[88],"grade,":[89],"higher":[93],"idenrification":[94],"number,":[95],"etc.":[96],"Other":[97],"stimuli":[98,149],"produced":[99],"other":[100],"attempts":[101],"at":[102,108],"deduction.":[103],"It":[104],"seemed,":[105],"then,":[106],"least":[109],"were":[112,278],"reacting":[113],"as":[117,130,296],"cognitive":[119],"puzzle":[120],"there":[123,137],"correct":[126],"answer":[127],"rather":[128],"than":[129],"no":[139],"perfect":[140],"solution":[141],"available.":[142],"might":[150],"independent":[154],"schedule":[157],"reinforcement":[159,183],"for":[160,199],"choices.":[161],"Such":[162],"would":[165,174,185,225],"have":[166],"an":[167],"effect":[168],"early":[169],"program":[172],"afh~ch":[173],"dissipate":[175],"with":[176,181,248],"many":[177],"trials.":[178],"Stimuli":[179],"congruent":[180],"conrlngcncles":[184],"be":[186],"expected":[187,198],"facilitate":[189],"reduce":[192],"latency.":[194],"The":[195],"opposlre":[196],"incongruent":[200],"stimuli.":[201,276],"Further,":[202],"it":[203],"predicted":[205],"increasing":[207],"strength":[209],"reinforcer":[212],"(in":[213],"this":[214],"case":[215],"adding":[217],"points":[218,292],"bell-ring":[221],"light-flash)":[224],"tend":[226],"weaken":[228],"any":[229],"effects.":[231],"A":[232],"75%":[233],"25%":[235],"pcobability":[236],"procedure":[238],"similar":[239],"pioneered":[242],"Siegel":[244],"(2)":[245],"used,":[247],"each":[249],"S":[250],"being":[251],"asked":[252],"respond":[254],"identical":[257],"differing":[261],"only":[262],"type":[265],"information":[267],"conveyed":[268],"one":[270],"five":[272],"pairs":[273],"discriminant":[275],"also":[279],"divided":[280],"whether":[285],"did":[287,289],"or":[288],"not":[290],"receive":[291],"counter":[295],"positive":[297],"reinforcement.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}