{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2034404207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","title":"HOW TO TEACH A PIGEON TO MAXIMIZE OVERALL REINFORCEMENT RATE","display_name":"HOW TO TEACH A PIGEON TO MAXIMIZE OVERALL REINFORCEMENT RATE","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2034404207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","mag":"2034404207","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16812773","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1350138"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168850678","display_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","issn_l":"0022-5002","issn":["0022-5002","1938-3711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021058822","display_name":"Gene M. Heyman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4484-0370","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4484-0370"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gene M. Heyman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056157857","display_name":"Lawrence Tanz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence Tanz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021058822"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.3489,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99711273,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"3","first_page":"277","last_page":"297"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.9272000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.9272000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.03020000085234642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.011599999852478504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"matching","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-contingencies","display_name":"reinforcement contingencies","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-stimuli","display_name":"discriminative stimulus","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pecking-behavior","display_name":"pecking behavior","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extinction","display_name":"extinction","score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pigeons","display_name":"pigeons","score":0.5329999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.9583742618560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59485491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438403","display_name":"Pecking order","level":2,"score":0.6211625933647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5624309182167053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.4744768440723419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.44657909870147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3484494090080261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22458979487419128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.15893596410751343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.05495840311050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168850678","display_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","issn_l":"0022-5002","issn":["0022-5002","1938-3711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1350138","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1350138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Exp Anal Behav","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:16812773","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16812773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jeab.1995.64-277","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168850678","display_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","issn_l":"0022-5002","issn":["0022-5002","1938-3711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2034404207.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2034404207.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W575465400","https://openalex.org/W1972405615","https://openalex.org/W1981434709","https://openalex.org/W1985597939","https://openalex.org/W1994278483","https://openalex.org/W2000734378","https://openalex.org/W2001712238","https://openalex.org/W2008463690","https://openalex.org/W2010441245","https://openalex.org/W2027223969","https://openalex.org/W2034225377","https://openalex.org/W2049854213","https://openalex.org/W2076440402","https://openalex.org/W2094422247","https://openalex.org/W2096211278","https://openalex.org/W2105414233","https://openalex.org/W2113076606","https://openalex.org/W2117859177","https://openalex.org/W2135886642","https://openalex.org/W2136877087","https://openalex.org/W2139252049","https://openalex.org/W2139420917","https://openalex.org/W2151395810","https://openalex.org/W2161147021","https://openalex.org/W2161955610","https://openalex.org/W3213346775","https://openalex.org/W4239987398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3205905221","https://openalex.org/W6959854542","https://openalex.org/W2030790929","https://openalex.org/W2082744594","https://openalex.org/W2141416830","https://openalex.org/W1973490370","https://openalex.org/W3204976928","https://openalex.org/W4234658885","https://openalex.org/W2051703826","https://openalex.org/W2105414233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,14,108,218],"two":[1],"experiments":[2,222],"deviations":[3,195],"from":[4,34,56,90,196],"matching":[5,57,197,227],"earned":[6],"higher":[7],"overall":[8,99,206,229,247],"reinforcement":[9,37,100,133,141,163,207,214,230,233,250],"rates":[10],"than":[11],"did":[12,53,216],"matching.":[13,91],"Experiment":[15,109,204],"1":[16],"response":[17,85,127,139,161],"proportions":[18,31,51,86,128,142,164,211,255],"were":[19,46,58,153,177],"calculated":[20],"over":[21],"a":[22,40,79,111],"360-response":[23],"moving":[24],"average,":[25],"updated":[26],"with":[27,123],"each":[28],"response.":[29],"Response":[30,50],"that":[32,42,52,245],"differed":[33],"the":[35,64,70,94,117,124,130,136,144,147,158,168,171,183,186,224,237],"nominal":[36,131],"proportions,":[38],"by":[39,261],"criterion":[41],"was":[43,67,78,97,105,114,121,149,173,235],"gradually":[44],"increased,":[45],"eligible":[47,60,154,179],"for":[48,61,155,180],"reinforcement.":[49,62,156,181],"not":[54,59,178],"differ":[55],"When":[63,135,157],"deviation":[65,95,145,169],"requirement":[66,96],"relatively":[68],"small,":[69],"contingency":[71],"proved":[72,189],"to":[73,82,116,166,190,193],"be":[74,88,191,259],"effective.":[75],"However,":[76],"there":[77],"limit":[80],"as":[81],"how":[83],"far":[84],"could":[87],"pushed":[89],"Consequently,":[92],"when":[93],"large,":[98],"rate":[101,208,215,234,251],"decreased":[102],"and":[103,129,140,151,162,175,212,228],"pecking":[104],"eventually":[106],"extinguished.":[107],"2":[110,205],"discriminative":[112],"stimulus":[113,262],"added":[115],"procedure.":[118],"The":[119,242],"houselight":[120],"correlated":[122],"relationship":[125,225],"between":[126,138,160,226],"(programmed)":[132],"proportions.":[134],"difference":[137,159],"met":[143],"requirement,":[146,170],"light":[148,172],"white":[150],"responses":[152,176],"failed":[165],"exceed":[167],"blue":[174],"With":[182],"addition":[184],"of":[185,240],"light,":[187],"it":[188],"possible":[192],"shape":[194],"without":[198],"any":[199],"apparent":[200],"limit.":[201],"Thus,":[202],"in":[203,220,257],"predicted":[209],"choice":[210,254],"relative":[213,232,249],"not.":[217],"contrast,":[219],"previous":[221],"on":[223],"maximization,":[231],"usually":[236],"better":[238,252],"predictor":[239],"responding.":[241],"results":[243],"show":[244],"whether":[246],"or":[248],"predicts":[253],"may":[256],"part":[258],"determined":[260],"conditions.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
