{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2034028219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2541","title":"Toll-like receptors and cancer","display_name":"Toll-like receptors and cancer","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2034028219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2541","mag":"2034028219","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19052556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/nrc2541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160464432","display_name":"Nature reviews. Cancer","issn_l":"1474-175X","issn":["1474-175X","1474-1768"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Reviews Cancer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033209040","display_name":"Seth Rakoff-Nahoum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3233-0675","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3233-0675"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1344073410","display_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006w34k90","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seth Rakoff-Nahoum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. seth.rakoff-nahoum@yale.edu","Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. seth.rakoff-nahoum@yale.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040597705","display_name":"Ruslan M. Medzhitov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-2012","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-2012"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1344073410","display_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006w34k90","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruslan Medzhitov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seth Rakoff-Nahoum and Ruslan Medzhitov are at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seth Rakoff-Nahoum and Ruslan Medzhitov are at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033209040"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4466,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":917,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95476773,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"57","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10371","display_name":"Immune Response and Inflammation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10371","display_name":"Immune Response and Inflammation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11501","display_name":"TGF-\u03b2 signaling in diseases","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toll-like-receptors","display_name":"Toll-like receptors","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carcinogenesis","display_name":"carcinogenesis","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition-receptors","display_name":"pattern recognition receptors","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflammation","display_name":"inflammation","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-repair","display_name":"tissue repair","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/injuries","display_name":"injuries","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microbial-infection","display_name":"microbial infection","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-homeostasis","display_name":"tissue homeostasis","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/host-defense","display_name":"host defense","score":0.6039999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555283112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637543","display_name":"Carcinogenesis","level":3,"score":0.7115023732185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.686000406742096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6604036092758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.6357517242431641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6242063045501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778025104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408004","display_name":"Toll","level":2,"score":0.6116617918014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.5534663796424866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5102031230926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.4749610424041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776709828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408004","display_name":"Toll-like receptor","level":4,"score":0.45464712381362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111289621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418772","display_name":"Pattern recognition receptor","level":4,"score":0.43316805362701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.3296753168106079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.3160302937030792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136449434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428253","display_name":"Innate immune system","level":3,"score":0.30977851152420044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.08696776628494263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002471","descriptor_name":"Cell Transformation, Neoplastic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006706","descriptor_name":"Homeostasis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007157","descriptor_name":"Immunologic Surveillance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007239","descriptor_name":"Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007239","descriptor_name":"Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007249","descriptor_name":"Inflammation","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007249","descriptor_name":"Inflammation","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008024","descriptor_name":"Ligands","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009363","descriptor_name":"Neoplasm Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012038","descriptor_name":"Regeneration","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014945","descriptor_name":"Wound Healing","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015398","descriptor_name":"Signal Transduction","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016176","descriptor_name":"T-Lymphocyte Subsets","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016219","descriptor_name":"Immunotherapy, Adoptive","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051193","descriptor_name":"Toll-Like Receptors","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053594","descriptor_name":"Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88","qualifier_ui":"Q000172","qualifier_name":"deficiency","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053594","descriptor_name":"Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/nrc2541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160464432","display_name":"Nature reviews. Cancer","issn_l":"1474-175X","issn":["1474-175X","1474-1768"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Reviews Cancer","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19052556","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19052556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature reviews. Cancer","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306082","display_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006w34k90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":160,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W82937767","https://openalex.org/W1483162601","https://openalex.org/W1488196937","https://openalex.org/W1498187417","https://openalex.org/W1525912444","https://openalex.org/W1540623547","https://openalex.org/W1541316156","https://openalex.org/W1545754268","https://openalex.org/W1550542127","https://openalex.org/W1568959328","https://openalex.org/W1579696447","https://openalex.org/W1585390661","https://openalex.org/W1591714343","https://openalex.org/W1633097546","https://openalex.org/W1692743499","https://openalex.org/W1696233391","https://openalex.org/W1698171640","https://openalex.org/W1794516118","https://openalex.org/W1872118948","https://openalex.org/W1915121024","https://openalex.org/W1929515229","https://openalex.org/W1965037168","https://openalex.org/W1967994686","https://openalex.org/W1968006592","https://openalex.org/W1971521446","https://openalex.org/W1972584437","https://openalex.org/W1974378480","https://openalex.org/W1980557548","https://openalex.org/W1982531307","https://openalex.org/W1982711573","https://openalex.org/W1983946589","https://openalex.org/W1984744520","https://openalex.org/W1987383242","https://openalex.org/W1988178045","https://openalex.org/W1988760595","https://openalex.org/W1988924112","https://openalex.org/W1989748451","https://openalex.org/W1990122501","https://openalex.org/W1991731944","https://openalex.org/W1992286644","https://openalex.org/W1994316055","https://openalex.org/W1999498760","https://openalex.org/W2000727867","https://openalex.org/W2001740313","https://openalex.org/W2002293674","https://openalex.org/W2003064885","https://openalex.org/W2003926510","https://openalex.org/W2004067791","https://openalex.org/W2004266769","https://openalex.org/W2004524797","https://openalex.org/W2004729573","https://openalex.org/W2006471464","https://openalex.org/W2006666068","https://openalex.org/W2006721421","https://openalex.org/W2008797060","https://openalex.org/W2008838298","https://openalex.org/W2015472023","https://openalex.org/W2017742161","https://openalex.org/W2018060118","https://openalex.org/W2019382232","https://openalex.org/W2023564006","https://openalex.org/W2026165812","https://openalex.org/W2026485598","https://openalex.org/W2034394424","https://openalex.org/W2036326670","https://openalex.org/W2037982867","https://openalex.org/W2039845199","https://openalex.org/W2041189251","https://openalex.org/W2044701263","https://openalex.org/W2044954245","https://openalex.org/W2045895870","https://openalex.org/W2046671679","https://openalex.org/W2046842929","https://openalex.org/W2049000073","https://openalex.org/W2051686420","https://openalex.org/W2052473808","https://openalex.org/W2054461176","https://openalex.org/W2056092077","https://openalex.org/W2057198053","https://openalex.org/W2058703787","https://openalex.org/W2059037852","https://openalex.org/W2060425936","https://openalex.org/W2061163173","https://openalex.org/W2061360993","https://openalex.org/W2061626698","https://openalex.org/W2062583330","https://openalex.org/W2069836978","https://openalex.org/W2070467174","https://openalex.org/W2073196738","https://openalex.org/W2073356803","https://openalex.org/W2073547744","https://openalex.org/W2075348787","https://openalex.org/W2079489649","https://openalex.org/W2081367726","https://openalex.org/W2083089709","https://openalex.org/W2083682196","https://openalex.org/W2086112043","https://openalex.org/W2088354196","https://openalex.org/W2088540732","https://openalex.org/W2089800177","https://openalex.org/W2090640877","https://openalex.org/W2092249083","https://openalex.org/W2092531978","https://openalex.org/W2093424661","https://openalex.org/W2093531978","https://openalex.org/W2094605832","https://openalex.org/W2096015727","https://openalex.org/W2097809605","https://openalex.org/W2098084836","https://openalex.org/W2099039895","https://openalex.org/W2099803791","https://openalex.org/W2101189282","https://openalex.org/W2101363646","https://openalex.org/W2101843033","https://openalex.org/W2102826458","https://openalex.org/W2104266894","https://openalex.org/W2106315208","https://openalex.org/W2106694537","https://openalex.org/W2108380379","https://openalex.org/W2113120391","https://openalex.org/W2114216755","https://openalex.org/W2114557288","https://openalex.org/W2114737175","https://openalex.org/W2116554142","https://openalex.org/W2116807191","https://openalex.org/W2116997836","https://openalex.org/W2117684163","https://openalex.org/W2118050533","https://openalex.org/W2118349945","https://openalex.org/W2120195160","https://openalex.org/W2120420351","https://openalex.org/W2121004230","https://openalex.org/W2125175295","https://openalex.org/W2126659405","https://openalex.org/W2127090404","https://openalex.org/W2130186203","https://openalex.org/W2132552679","https://openalex.org/W2133644846","https://openalex.org/W2135772628","https://openalex.org/W2136654228","https://openalex.org/W2137257146","https://openalex.org/W2138368399","https://openalex.org/W2138860727","https://openalex.org/W2140283236","https://openalex.org/W2142414417","https://openalex.org/W2145719229","https://openalex.org/W2146440075","https://openalex.org/W2150295492","https://openalex.org/W2150668424","https://openalex.org/W2157069655","https://openalex.org/W2158516918","https://openalex.org/W2159763069","https://openalex.org/W2160298674","https://openalex.org/W2161625612","https://openalex.org/W2164906049","https://openalex.org/W2168886041","https://openalex.org/W2170681637","https://openalex.org/W2170717609","https://openalex.org/W2314203153","https://openalex.org/W7073615342"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103460576","https://openalex.org/W2070997965","https://openalex.org/W2101430062","https://openalex.org/W2266595285","https://openalex.org/W1971530363","https://openalex.org/W3117822930","https://openalex.org/W2184975858","https://openalex.org/W160009549","https://openalex.org/W2384696749","https://openalex.org/W2807999970"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":72},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":62}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
