{"id":"https://openalex.org/W20340070","doi":null,"title":"Development of an Instrument to Measure Self-Directedness","display_name":"Development of an Instrument to Measure Self-Directedness","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W20340070","mag":"20340070"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:20340070","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3026&context=utk_graddiss","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075946860","display_name":"Susan L. Stockdale","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Susan L. Stockdale","raw_affiliation_strings":["#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# University of Tennessee#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# University of Tennessee#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075946860"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4391,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94439774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13895","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Innovation","score":0.5234000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13895","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Innovation","score":0.5234000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.11559999734163284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.07660000026226044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-direction","display_name":"self-direction","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-directed-learning","display_name":"self-directed learning","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-development","display_name":"scale development","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-validation","display_name":"psychometric validation","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-and-learning-environment","display_name":"teaching and learning environment","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learner-characteristics","display_name":"learner characteristics","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpa","display_name":"GPA","score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.5849999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6609069108963013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6451109647750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5019400119781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106906290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140909","display_name":"Cronbach's alpha","level":3,"score":0.45347386598587036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.45299267768859863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.44371742010116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020528894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20820271","display_name":"Graduate students","level":2,"score":0.43910226225852966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4362640976905823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4202152490615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2554628252983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.22839826345443726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.16794836521148682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.16213098168373108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16190427541732788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:20340070","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3026&context=utk_graddiss","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22821491","https://openalex.org/W101046473","https://openalex.org/W210560468","https://openalex.org/W658122736","https://openalex.org/W833694041","https://openalex.org/W1512013606","https://openalex.org/W1514800754","https://openalex.org/W1515594510","https://openalex.org/W1542845163","https://openalex.org/W1557736487","https://openalex.org/W1633674991","https://openalex.org/W1774252947","https://openalex.org/W1858586840","https://openalex.org/W1970131054","https://openalex.org/W1979383363","https://openalex.org/W1980850927","https://openalex.org/W2002948491","https://openalex.org/W2004644033","https://openalex.org/W2008946613","https://openalex.org/W2010440827","https://openalex.org/W2010696983","https://openalex.org/W2010897842","https://openalex.org/W2015311647","https://openalex.org/W2015716241","https://openalex.org/W2030745741","https://openalex.org/W2031846537","https://openalex.org/W2032980688","https://openalex.org/W2039804457","https://openalex.org/W2041966161","https://openalex.org/W2042029815","https://openalex.org/W2061579138","https://openalex.org/W2064809032","https://openalex.org/W2094725050","https://openalex.org/W2097162863","https://openalex.org/W2103138548","https://openalex.org/W2105907312","https://openalex.org/W2110405233","https://openalex.org/W2143108888","https://openalex.org/W2153822440","https://openalex.org/W2155170276","https://openalex.org/W2159613081","https://openalex.org/W2170508986","https://openalex.org/W2427441460","https://openalex.org/W2754103296","https://openalex.org/W3019273456","https://openalex.org/W3034407028","https://openalex.org/W4242883546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058090472","https://openalex.org/W7097860912","https://openalex.org/W7095528639","https://openalex.org/W2751664487","https://openalex.org/W2549782836","https://openalex.org/W2039804457","https://openalex.org/W908753594","https://openalex.org/W2461130815","https://openalex.org/W2010696983","https://openalex.org/W369681286"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,89,137],"purpose":[1,51],"of":[2,21,30,37,60,70,78,87,119,162,185,209,230],"this":[3,50],"study":[4],"was":[5,101],"to":[6,13,95,145,149,159,181],"develop":[7],"a":[8,102,182],"reliable":[9,61,104],"and":[10,25,58,74,121,127,188,201],"valid":[11],"instrument":[12,109,184],"measure":[14],"self-directedness":[15],"in":[16,97,110,196],"learning":[17],"within":[18],"the":[19,22,31,56,67,71,76,79,111,134,140,168,194,207,212,223,231],"framework":[20],"teaching-learning":[23],"(TL)":[24],"learner":[26],"characteristics":[27],"(LC)":[28],"components":[29,69],"Personal":[32,92],"Responsibility":[33,93],"Orientation":[34,94],"(PRO)":[35],"Model":[36],"Self-Direction":[38,96],"(Brockett":[39],"&":[40],"Hiemstra,":[41],"1":[42,44,117,179,216],"99":[43],")":[45,180],"among":[46],"college":[47],"students.":[48,124],"Accomplishing":[49],"involved":[52],"two":[53,68],"stages:":[54],"(a)":[55],"identification":[57],"operationization":[59],"scale":[62,81,135],"items":[63,82,129,210,220],"that":[64],"validly":[65],"reflected":[66],"PRO":[72,232],"model,":[73],"(b)":[75],"validation":[77],"developed":[80],"with":[83,133],"other":[84],"related":[85,144,158,172],"measures":[86],"self-direction.":[88,151,164],"resultant":[90],"35-item":[91],"Learning":[98],"Scale":[99],"(PRO-SDLS)":[100],"highly":[103,131],"(coefficient":[105],"alpha":[106],"=":[107,115,174],".92)":[108],"selected":[112],"sample":[113],"(N":[114],"2":[116],"9)":[118],"graduate":[120],"undergraduate":[122],"education":[123],"Both":[125],"TL":[126],"LC":[128],"were":[130,142,155,170],"correlated":[132],"total.":[136],"scores":[138,154,166],"from":[139,167],"PRO-SDLS":[141,153,169,213,227],"significantly":[143,157,171],"criterion":[146],"variables":[147],"thought":[148],"demonstrate":[150],"However,":[152],"not":[156],"professor\u00ad":[160],"ratings":[161],"students'":[163],"Additionally,":[165],"(r":[173],".":[175],"76,":[176],"p":[177],"<.0":[178],"known":[183],"self-direction":[186],"(SDLRS)":[187],"accounted":[189],"for":[190],"additional":[191],"variance":[192],"beyond":[193],"SDLRS":[195],"predicting":[197],"age,":[198],"GP":[199],"A,":[200],"class":[202],"performance.":[203],"Experts":[204],"who":[205],"examined":[206],"content":[208],"on":[211,222],"rated":[214],"3":[215],"out":[217],"ofthe":[218,226],"35":[219],"appearing":[221],"final":[224],"version":[225],"as":[228],"representative":[229],"model.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}