{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2033782597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031890","title":"Partial reinforcement: A selective review of the alleyway literature since 1960.","display_name":"Partial reinforcement: A selective review of the alleyway literature since 1960.","publication_year":1971,"publication_date":"1971-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2033782597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031890","mag":"2033782597"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/h0031890","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031890","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75627607","display_name":"Psychological Bulletin","issn_l":"0033-2909","issn":["0033-2909","1939-1455"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112828370","display_name":"Donald Robbins","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177855293","display_name":"Emory and Henry College","ror":"https://ror.org/018rbev86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177855293"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Donald Robbins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory U"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory U","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I177855293"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112828370"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I177855293"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":39.1157,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":102,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99762042,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"76","issue":"6","first_page":"415","last_page":"431"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.20589999854564667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.20589999854564667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.2045000046491623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.12250000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-reinforcement","display_name":"partial reinforcement","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermittent-reinforcement","display_name":"intermittent reinforcement","score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedules-of-reinforcement","display_name":"reinforcement schedules","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operant-conditioning","display_name":"operant conditioning","score":0.4320000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5777666568756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.5742828845977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1834045946598053}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/h0031890","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031890","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75627607","display_name":"Psychological Bulletin","issn_l":"0033-2909","issn":["0033-2909","1939-1455"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":136,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W934571109","https://openalex.org/W1837048606","https://openalex.org/W1964310189","https://openalex.org/W1964391444","https://openalex.org/W1965359212","https://openalex.org/W1965866070","https://openalex.org/W1966663045","https://openalex.org/W1967585764","https://openalex.org/W1968031635","https://openalex.org/W1968032195","https://openalex.org/W1968253978","https://openalex.org/W1972073980","https://openalex.org/W1973823243","https://openalex.org/W1975911357","https://openalex.org/W1976013482","https://openalex.org/W1978080452","https://openalex.org/W1979041464","https://openalex.org/W1979287903","https://openalex.org/W1980768066","https://openalex.org/W1981988272","https://openalex.org/W1982152849","https://openalex.org/W1986482896","https://openalex.org/W1988142160","https://openalex.org/W1989326835","https://openalex.org/W1989459558","https://openalex.org/W1989963192","https://openalex.org/W1990435856","https://openalex.org/W1994467179","https://openalex.org/W1994703190","https://openalex.org/W2000108982","https://openalex.org/W2000639168","https://openalex.org/W2002789695","https://openalex.org/W2004208428","https://openalex.org/W2004599698","https://openalex.org/W2004702593","https://openalex.org/W2005732732","https://openalex.org/W2005989079","https://openalex.org/W2006218475","https://openalex.org/W2007670150","https://openalex.org/W2009614312","https://openalex.org/W2015186258","https://openalex.org/W2015321617","https://openalex.org/W2015655216","https://openalex.org/W2015807645","https://openalex.org/W2015986996","https://openalex.org/W2017075970","https://openalex.org/W2017640435","https://openalex.org/W2018041668","https://openalex.org/W2018240148","https://openalex.org/W2020522565","https://openalex.org/W2020716899","https://openalex.org/W2023238211","https://openalex.org/W2023736287","https://openalex.org/W2023953701","https://openalex.org/W2025416908","https://openalex.org/W2025927877","https://openalex.org/W2026803145","https://openalex.org/W2032233176","https://openalex.org/W2032967409","https://openalex.org/W2033242885","https://openalex.org/W2033985631","https://openalex.org/W2034891947","https://openalex.org/W2035921590","https://openalex.org/W2036727107","https://openalex.org/W2039539041","https://openalex.org/W2039791017","https://openalex.org/W2040438372","https://openalex.org/W2040658637","https://openalex.org/W2042483527","https://openalex.org/W2042615925","https://openalex.org/W2044425190","https://openalex.org/W2045440449","https://openalex.org/W2046521677","https://openalex.org/W2046797167","https://openalex.org/W2048124673","https://openalex.org/W2051078609","https://openalex.org/W2053355214","https://openalex.org/W2054650059","https://openalex.org/W2056156385","https://openalex.org/W2057428561","https://openalex.org/W2057446948","https://openalex.org/W2061158565","https://openalex.org/W2063622441","https://openalex.org/W2064335506","https://openalex.org/W2067712272","https://openalex.org/W2068149306","https://openalex.org/W2068670249","https://openalex.org/W2068933022","https://openalex.org/W2069335651","https://openalex.org/W2070065925","https://openalex.org/W2070436801","https://openalex.org/W2070470418","https://openalex.org/W2071058788","https://openalex.org/W2071835287","https://openalex.org/W2072173261","https://openalex.org/W2072187277","https://openalex.org/W2072528407","https://openalex.org/W2074030142","https://openalex.org/W2074662360","https://openalex.org/W2077327561","https://openalex.org/W2077364151","https://openalex.org/W2077884364","https://openalex.org/W2078966837","https://openalex.org/W2079941520","https://openalex.org/W2083096366","https://openalex.org/W2084633745","https://openalex.org/W2085243502","https://openalex.org/W2085601780","https://openalex.org/W2086510696","https://openalex.org/W2087336340","https://openalex.org/W2088406087","https://openalex.org/W2090740184","https://openalex.org/W2091504756","https://openalex.org/W2091549531","https://openalex.org/W2092555511","https://openalex.org/W2092677179","https://openalex.org/W2095211360","https://openalex.org/W2140168784","https://openalex.org/W2153710774","https://openalex.org/W2156730112","https://openalex.org/W2319485437","https://openalex.org/W2322403765","https://openalex.org/W2323260336","https://openalex.org/W2323611315","https://openalex.org/W2325025337","https://openalex.org/W2331529338","https://openalex.org/W2332467182","https://openalex.org/W2332575598","https://openalex.org/W2333813675","https://openalex.org/W2335354129","https://openalex.org/W2411111155","https://openalex.org/W2487889850","https://openalex.org/W2493805471","https://openalex.org/W2725587160","https://openalex.org/W2739285088","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2411111155","https://openalex.org/W1964391444","https://openalex.org/W2025506913","https://openalex.org/W2070436801","https://openalex.org/W2006325086","https://openalex.org/W2085601780","https://openalex.org/W2046797167","https://openalex.org/W2085525591","https://openalex.org/W2016670112","https://openalex.org/W2053003291"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
