{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2033348393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/503502.503505","title":"Featherweight Java: a minimal core calculus for Java and GJ","display_name":"Featherweight Java: a minimal core calculus for Java and GJ","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2033348393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/503502.503505","mag":"2033348393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/503502.503505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/503502.503505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/503502.503505","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/503502.503505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41449414","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems","issn_l":"0164-0925","issn":["0164-0925","1558-4593"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/503502.503505","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077485499","display_name":"Atsushi Igarashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-9764","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-9764"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atsushi Igarashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085361253","display_name":"Benjamin C. Pierce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7839-1636","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7839-1636"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin C. Pierce","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018878077","display_name":"Philip L. Wadler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7619-6378","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7619-6378"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Wadler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Avaya Labs, Basking Ridge, NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Avaya Labs, Basking Ridge, NJ","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":31.2979,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1019,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99734317,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"396","last_page":"450"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/featherweight-java","display_name":"Featherweight Java","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-safety","display_name":"type safety","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generic-classes","display_name":"generic classes","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lambda-calculus","display_name":"lambda calculus","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inheritance-object-oriented-programming","display_name":"inheritance (object-oriented programming)","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-semantics","display_name":"operational semantics","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typing-rules","display_name":"typing rules","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-design","display_name":"language design","score":0.4309999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8540409803390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.8110142946243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172482141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379273","display_name":"Generics in Java","level":5,"score":0.7121655344963074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.7026101350784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44779574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736866","display_name":"Type safety","level":2,"score":0.6535830497741699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.5487164855003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60945770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2517517","display_name":"Java Modeling Language","level":5,"score":0.5452899932861328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168702491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567345","display_name":"Java annotation","level":4,"score":0.4566149115562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.41789957880973816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93682546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056428","display_name":"Type theory","level":3,"score":0.41227686405181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132106392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1373903","display_name":"Real time Java","level":3,"score":0.39932841062545776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.24746456742286682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11699867248535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10367664694786072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/503502.503505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/503502.503505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/503502.503505","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/503502.503505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41449414","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems","issn_l":"0164-0925","issn":["0164-0925","1558-4593"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.109.1141","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.109.1141","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/papers/fj-toplas.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.121.8671","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.121.8671","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.daimi.au.dk/~eernst/tool08/papers/p132-igarashi.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.162.3045","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.162.3045","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.chalmers.se/ComputingScience/Education/Courses/nasem/fj-oopsla.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.39.7779","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.39.7779","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/papers/fj-tr.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.47.361","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.47.361","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://web.yl.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~igarashi/papers/fj-oopsla.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/503502.503505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/503502.503505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/503502.503505","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/503502.503505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41449414","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems","issn_l":"0164-0925","issn":["0164-0925","1558-4593"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7654084436","display_name":"CAREER:  Principled Foundations for Programming with Objects","funder_award_id":"9701826","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2033348393.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2033348393.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501393197","https://openalex.org/W1524924264","https://openalex.org/W1544633123","https://openalex.org/W1553537175","https://openalex.org/W1557561422","https://openalex.org/W1590586053","https://openalex.org/W1591849443","https://openalex.org/W1798329751","https://openalex.org/W1865193337","https://openalex.org/W1968327162","https://openalex.org/W1980939032","https://openalex.org/W1989536180","https://openalex.org/W1994666727","https://openalex.org/W1998817600","https://openalex.org/W2030793354","https://openalex.org/W2035709547","https://openalex.org/W2065141544","https://openalex.org/W2080648611","https://openalex.org/W2081596204","https://openalex.org/W2097304805","https://openalex.org/W2117534212","https://openalex.org/W2118296844","https://openalex.org/W2119857670","https://openalex.org/W2133546079","https://openalex.org/W2137417304","https://openalex.org/W2138839382","https://openalex.org/W2148853502","https://openalex.org/W2165657834","https://openalex.org/W2170466846","https://openalex.org/W6632699243","https://openalex.org/W7073900008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095440204","https://openalex.org/W2184969491","https://openalex.org/W4200358591","https://openalex.org/W2971796289","https://openalex.org/W2401398888","https://openalex.org/W7100750150","https://openalex.org/W2157048104","https://openalex.org/W7100280026","https://openalex.org/W3178438443","https://openalex.org/W2165534348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Several":[0],"recent":[1],"studies":[2],"have":[3],"introduced":[4],"lightweight":[5],"versions":[6],"of":[7,43,110,119,123,143,155,162,178,190,202,206],"Java:":[8],"reduced":[9],"languages":[10,82],"in":[11,165,175],"which":[12,60],"complex":[13],"features":[14,42,122,205],"like":[15],"threads":[16],"and":[17,49,86,99,140,157,183,185],"reflection":[18],"are":[19,63],"dropped":[20],"to":[21,52,75,81],"enable":[22],"rigorous":[23,61],"arguments":[24],"about":[25],"key":[26,204],"properties":[27],"such":[28,83],"as":[29,77,84],"type":[30,111,191],"safety.":[31,192],"We":[32],"carry":[33],"this":[34,166],"process":[35],"a":[36,54,72,90,103,124,148,187],"step":[37],"further,":[38],"omitting":[39],"almost":[40],"all":[41],"the":[44,78,120,128,153,176,198,203],"full":[45,129],"language":[46],"(including":[47],"interfaces":[48],"even":[50],"assignment)":[51],"obtain":[53],"small":[55],"calculus,":[56],"Featherweight":[57,69,114,144,170],"Java,":[58],"for":[59,113,127,151,197],"proofs":[62],"not":[64],"only":[65],"possible":[66],"but":[67],"easy.":[68],"Java":[70,76,115,145,171],"bears":[71],"similar":[73,91],"relation":[74],"lambda-calculus":[79],"does":[80],"ML":[85],"Haskell.":[87],"It":[88],"offers":[89],"computational":[92],"\"feel,\"":[93],"providing":[94],"classes,":[95],"methods,":[96],"fields,":[97],"inheritance,":[98],"dynamic":[100],"typecasts":[101],"with":[102,172],"semantics":[104,142],"closely":[105],"following":[106],"Java's.":[107],"A":[108],"proof":[109,126,189],"safety":[112,125],"thus":[116],"illustrates":[117],"many":[118],"interesting":[121],"language,":[130],"while":[131],"remaining":[132],"pleasingly":[133],"compact.":[134],"The":[135,193],"minimal":[136],"syntax,":[137],"typing":[138],"rules,":[139],"operational":[141],"make":[146],"it":[147],"handy":[149],"tool":[150],"studying":[152],"consequences":[154],"extensions":[156],"variations.":[158],"As":[159],"an":[160],"illustration":[161],"its":[163],"utility":[164],"regard,":[167],"we":[168],"extend":[169],"generic":[173],"classes":[174],"style":[177],"GJ":[179],"(Bracha,":[180],"Odersky,":[181],"Stoutamire,":[182],"Wadler)":[184],"give":[186],"detailed":[188],"extended":[194],"system":[195],"formalizes":[196],"first":[199],"time":[200],"some":[201],"GJ.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":61}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}