{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2033333735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.38.3.154","title":"Education and the \"woman question.\"","display_name":"Education and the \"woman question.\"","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2033333735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.38.3.154","mag":"2033333735"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/0708-5591.38.3.154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.38.3.154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.38.3.154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S39440278","display_name":"Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne","issn_l":"0708-5591","issn":["0708-5591","1878-7304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103643399","display_name":"Sandra W. Pyke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sandra W. Pyke","raw_affiliation_strings":["York U, North York, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"York U, North York, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103643399"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3928,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91427898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"3","first_page":"154","last_page":"163"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11906","display_name":"Gender, Sexuality, and Education","score":0.35350000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11906","display_name":"Gender, Sexuality, and Education","score":0.35350000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10726","display_name":"Career Development and Diversity","score":0.2865999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12275","display_name":"Gender and Feminist Studies","score":0.13220000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-education","display_name":"women's education","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/woman-question","display_name":"women's question","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graduate-student-attrition","display_name":"graduate student attrition","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-degree","display_name":"time to degree completion","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervision-and-mentoring","display_name":"mentoring and supervision","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-harassment","display_name":"sexual harassment","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrimination-in-academia","display_name":"discrimination in academia","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/femininity","display_name":"femininity","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stressful-life-events","display_name":"life events","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-equity-in-higher-education","display_name":"gender equity in higher education","score":0.5609999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7362148761749268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.491775780916214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3702383041381836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.35357969999313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.3264746069908142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1075102686882019}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/0708-5591.38.3.154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.38.3.154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.38.3.154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S39440278","display_name":"Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne","issn_l":"0708-5591","issn":["0708-5591","1878-7304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.9444000124931335},{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322817","display_name":"National Research Council of Thailand","ror":"https://ror.org/018wfhg78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323180","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6665930","https://openalex.org/W33355619","https://openalex.org/W300158710","https://openalex.org/W591016296","https://openalex.org/W1275189384","https://openalex.org/W1496524648","https://openalex.org/W1501013521","https://openalex.org/W1551850685","https://openalex.org/W1567048252","https://openalex.org/W1896012841","https://openalex.org/W1982310223","https://openalex.org/W1988586371","https://openalex.org/W2004257216","https://openalex.org/W2041904554","https://openalex.org/W2056755825","https://openalex.org/W2058726498","https://openalex.org/W2061841972","https://openalex.org/W2067479314","https://openalex.org/W2085692533","https://openalex.org/W2122258562","https://openalex.org/W2332037185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7065860942","https://openalex.org/W1989631845","https://openalex.org/W4236658565","https://openalex.org/W4398136110","https://openalex.org/W2810491577","https://openalex.org/W80128345","https://openalex.org/W1786966518","https://openalex.org/W2806820117","https://openalex.org/W2037454903","https://openalex.org/W294155729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CPA":[0],"Award":[1],"for":[2,134,294,319,468,505],"Distinguished":[3],"Contribution":[4],"to":[5,27,39,44,52,119,145,199,211,219,254,280,309,340,360,372,377,409,448,454,483,488,491,493,499],"Psychology":[6],"as":[7,130,418,465,502,507],"a":[8,16,97,108,131,206,265,379,425,581,585],"Profession":[9],"(1996)":[10],"/":[11],"Prix":[12],"pour":[13],"contribution":[14],"remarquable":[15],"la":[17],"psychologie":[18],"en":[19],"tant":[20],"que":[21],"profession":[22],"(1996)AbstractThe":[23],"woman":[215],"question":[25,358],"refers":[26,359],"the":[28,34,54,60,63,70,76,87,135,148,178,193,203,214,230,237,270,278,291,299,307,315,337,349,352,361,367,385,390,396,415,429,442,449,547,592],"nineteenth":[29,362,539,593],"century":[30,363,540],"debate":[31,58,364,380],"about":[32,269,365],"whether":[33,366,404],"rights":[35,368,398],"and":[36,117,150,161,183,197,236,273,306,314,336,369,399,497,510,517,526,561,566,575],"freedoms":[37,370,400],"available":[38,371],"men":[40,373,455],"should":[41,374,406,478,531],"be":[42,375,407,479,489,532],"extended":[43,376],"women.":[45,165],"The":[46,124,261,556],"intent":[47],"of":[48,56,62,69,75,78,93,101,121,152,158,168,177,192,208,224,232,240,275,290,298,324,351,387,445,451,459],"this":[49,57,146,276],"paper":[50,262],"is":[51,128],"explore":[53],"expression":[55],"within":[59],"context":[61,350],"post-secondary":[64],"education":[65,106,452,477],"system.":[66],"Selected":[67],"examples":[68],"historical":[71,292],"arguments":[72],"in":[73,104,173,190,248,284,288,303,327,331,348,382,411,438,472,481,523,535,546,550],"support":[74],"exclusion":[77],"women":[79,83,217,244,296,388,405,421,432,447],"are":[80,84,171,187,286,346,520,528],"outlined":[81],"(i.e.,":[82,115,181,334],"lower":[85],"on":[86,111,139,195,414,568],"evolutionary":[88],"scale;":[89],"reproductive":[90],"harm;":[91],"loss":[92],"femininity)":[94],"followed":[95],"by":[96,384,428],"more":[98],"contemporary":[99],"analysis":[100],"gender":[102,137,301,329],"differences":[103,302,330],"graduate":[105,122,311,343],"with":[107,229,264,571],"particular":[109],"focus":[110],"access,":[112,304,424],"graduation":[113,332],"rates":[114],"attrition)":[116,335],"time":[118,198,308,338],"completion":[120],"degrees.":[123],"chilly":[179,353],"climate":[180,354],"construct":[127],"presented":[129],"possible":[132],"explanation":[133,318],"alleged":[136,436],"differential":[138],"these":[140,320,519,527],"latter":[141],"two":[142],"variables.":[143],"According":[144],"model,":[147],"structures":[149],"operation":[151],"academic":[153],"institutions":[154,210,413],"embody":[155],"significant":[156,241],"elements":[157],"systemic":[159],"discrimination":[160],"micro-inequities":[162],"which":[163,174,328],"disadvantage":[164],"A":[166,322],"series":[167,323],"six":[169],"studies":[170,326],"described":[172],"various":[175],"aspects":[176],"mentoring":[182],"supervision,":[184],"sexual":[185],"harassment)":[186],"explored":[188,287],"especially":[189],"terms":[191,289],"effects":[194],"attrition":[196,305],"completion.":[200],"Paradoxically,":[201],"although":[202],"research":[204,325],"reveals":[205],"failure":[207],"educational":[209,234,412],"fully":[212],"resolve":[213],"question,":[216],"continue":[218],"operate":[220],"effectively":[221],"under":[222],"conditions":[223],"inequity.":[225],"Despite":[226],"general":[227],"dissatisfaction":[228],"quality":[231],"their":[233,256,495,514],"experience,":[235],"concomitant":[238],"experience":[239],"life":[242],"stress,":[243],"did":[245,259],"not":[246],"withdraw":[247],"larger":[249],"numbers":[250],"nor":[251],"take":[252],"longer":[253],"complete":[255,310,341],"degrees":[257],"than":[258],"men.":[260,419,484],"concludes":[263],"few":[266],"modest":[267],"speculations":[268],"future":[271],"constructions":[272],"deconstructions":[274],"debate.IntroductionIn":[277],"discussion":[279],"follow":[281],"women's":[282,521],"experiences":[283],"academe":[285],"rationales":[293],"keeping":[295],"out":[297],"academy,":[300],"degree":[312,344],"requirements,":[313],"differences.":[321],"rate":[333],"taken":[339],"all":[342,524],"requirements":[345],"examined":[347],"hypothesis.Historical":[355],"rationalesThe":[356],"women,":[378],"triggered":[381],"part":[383],"entry":[386],"into":[389,591],"labour":[391],"market":[392],"(Fee,":[393],"1976).":[394],"Among":[395],"myriad":[397],"at":[401],"issue":[402],"was":[403,544],"allowed":[408],"participate":[410],"same":[416],"footing":[417],"Historically":[420],"were":[422,433,463,558],"denied":[423],"decision":[426],"justified":[427],"view":[430],"that":[431,580],"intellectually":[434],"inferior.This":[435],"deficit":[437],"intellectual":[439],"capacity":[440],"underscored":[441],"obvious":[443],"foolishness":[444],"exposing":[446],"form":[450],"offered":[453,549],"but":[456],"some":[457],"forms":[458],"training":[460],"or":[461],"learning":[462],"regarded":[464],"appropriate.":[466],"Rousseau,":[467],"example,":[469],"argued":[470],"persuasively":[471],"1762":[473],"that:":[474],"Women's":[475],"entire":[476],"planned":[480],"relation":[482],"To":[485],"please":[486],"men,":[487],"useful":[490],"them,":[492,512],"win":[494],"love":[496],"respect,":[498],"raise":[500],"them":[501,506],"children,":[503],"care":[504],"adults,":[508],"counsel":[509],"console":[511],"make":[513],"lives":[515],"sweet":[516],"pleasant:":[518],"duties":[522],"ages":[525],"what":[529],"they":[530],"taught.":[533],"(cited":[534],"Griffiths,":[536],"1976).In":[537],"early":[538],"Canada,":[541],"Rousseau's":[542],"advice":[543],"reflected":[545],"curriculum":[548],"Mrs.":[551],"Cockburn's":[552],"(private)":[553],"Girls'":[554],"School.":[555],"pupils":[557],"taught":[559],"plain":[560],"fancy":[562],"needle":[563],"work,":[564],"drawing":[565],"painting":[567],"velvet":[569],"along":[570],"dancing,":[572],"music,":[573],"flower":[574],"cardwork":[576],"(Griffiths,":[577],"1976).The":[578],"assertion":[579],"small":[582,586],"brain":[583],"equals":[584],"mind":[587],"held":[588],"sway":[589],"well":[590],"century,":[594],"elephants":[595],"notwithstanding.":[596],"\u2026":[597]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
